{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:03:40Z","timestamp":1787796220578,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Electrochemical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction (eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    R) in acidic electrolytes is appealing due to its high CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    utilization efficiency. For this reaction, bismuth (Bi)\u2010based catalysts have drawn considerable attention for their potential in producing formate\/formic acid. However, the presynthesized materials for Bi\u2010based catalysts often undergo restructuring during electrocatalysis, resulting in altered electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the restructuring of Bi\u2010based catalysts in acidic environments have not yet been clearly elucidated. Herein, distinct restructuring mechanisms are revealed in structurally different Bi\u2010based compounds, such as Bi\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>7.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S. Among them, the Bi\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>7.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    precatalyst exhibits high selectivity and activity for formic acid production, attributed to its unique structure, featuring stacking of [Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and [BiS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    layers. In contrast, the conventional Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S catalyst, characterized by alternating [Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    layers with S\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions, delivers inferior eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    R performances. Quasi\u2010in\u2009situ X\u2010ray diffraction and in\u2009situ Raman spectra results reveal that metal elements situated between two [Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    layers can resist decomposition and prevent the over\u2010reduction of catalysts, leading to the restructuring in Bi\/Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    composite material with active Bi\u2010Bi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    interface for formic acid production. As a result, the Bi\n                    <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>7.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    precatalyst achieves a high Faraday efficiency above 95% at 100\u2009mA\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    and remarkable stability of 117\u2009h in a flow cell.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T18:14:31Z","timestamp":1768846471000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Restructuring\u2010Regulated Bismuth Catalyst Promotes Electrochemical CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Reduction to Formic Acid in Acidic Electrolyte"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ganwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University  Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metal Organic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai 200032 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"},{"name":"Northwest Institute for Non\u2010ferrous Metal Research  Xi'an 710016 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"},{"name":"Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI\u2010AIMR) Tohoku University  Sendai 980\u20108577 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenrui","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University  Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University  Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangliu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai 200050 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University  Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Physics National University of Singapore  2 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117542 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav3506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202302556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SC02715B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/prechem.4c00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1360\/nso\/20220044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202525265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202303052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c21997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c00489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg6582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24936-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202501236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10397"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202301597"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matre.2023.100191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA00023A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202400928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-024-6536-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202318585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-023-6073-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.3c00168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08805-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2420922122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c04768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA11168E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.5b00436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49168-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CC01933H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"2941","volume":"8","author":"Chowdhury A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"SE&F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312876120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202207650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202217569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c05135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202201832"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c05023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA08209H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c00326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120481"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP06045H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2008.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c14930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202100438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b02312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202202818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2023.100842"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1674-0068\/cjcp2108145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ct301010b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP01485E"}],"container-title":["Small Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.202500565","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smsc.202500565","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.202500565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T18:49:55Z","timestamp":1769712595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smsc.202500565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smsc.202500565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smsc.202500565","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4046","2688-4046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4046","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-4046","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"e202500565"}}