{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T04:20:21Z","timestamp":1793679621622,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"United States Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-22-1-2160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-22-1-2160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multiphase nanostructures provide a powerful platform for multifunctional materials by integrating different phases with unique functionalities for coupling effects. Here, we explore an alloy\u2010based vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin films consisting of Au, Cu, Co, and Ni alloy nanopillars embedded in a BaTiO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (BTO) matrix. Core\u2013shell alloy VANs with tunable pillar morphology, ranging from spherical to faceted shapes, are fabricated by pulsed laser deposition by controlling substrate temperature and deposition frequency. These multiphase systems demonstrate tailorable optical anisotropy, tunable hyperbolic response, strong magnetic anisotropy, plasmonic resonances, and magneto\u2010optical coupling, highlighting their potential for spintronic and photonic applications. Calculations show pillar shape morphology is a result of the interplay of surface energies, epitaxial strain, and thermal expansion mismatch between the substrate and the VAN, while spinodal decomposition kinetics of the alloy defines a time\u2013temperature\u2013transformation diagram for controlling the morphology inside the pillar. This work gives insight into the dynamics of phase separation and structure\u2013property relationships in complex alloy VANs allowing for design of next\u2010generation hybrid metamaterials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:25:14Z","timestamp":1773977114000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tunable Core\u2013Shell Metal Alloy Pillar Design in Vertically Aligned Nanostructures Toward Multifunctionality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Abhijeet","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson Kunhung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratories  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies Sandia National Laboratories  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hermawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizabeth","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zedong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Garcia","family":"Godinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Barnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nebraska  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4983-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Edwin","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7397-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202308293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201900789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-024-00136-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp2328"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10687"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202418004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"e12719","article-title":"An Ultra-Robust Memristor Based on Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite with Highly Defective Vertical Channels for Neuromorphic Computing","author":"Hu Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2017.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201000373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/s43577-021-00028-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2015.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MH01111H"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.125413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.66.104421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c04213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR06316A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202007222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b01575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2019.100052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201801180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR05532G"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.4.126001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.6.046001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202500741"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2021.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2020.101063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9060145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11848-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202112520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC02819B"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5045460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00331C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2022.111917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00125883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR01122A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(73)90021-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(96)84548-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"C. 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