{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:16:59Z","timestamp":1791667019211,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The development of efficient and sustainable nonprecious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is central to advancing next\u2010generation fuel cells and metal\u2010air batteries. Fe\u2010N\u2010C catalysts derived from biomass have emerged as promising candidates, yet the influence of activation chemistry on the active\u2010site formation and electrocatalytic performance remains insufficiently explored. Here, we unveil how KOH (strong base) and ZnCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (Lewis acid) modulate the chemical activation of wine grape pomace, a readily available agri\u2010food residue, to generate Fe\u2010N\u2010C electrocatalysts through a one\u2010step synthesis without external nitrogen precursors. KOH activation promotes extensive micro\u2010 and mesoporosity and favors the in situ development of well\u2010coordinated Fe\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    moieties, yielding a large electrochemically active surface area and a high ORR onset potential of 0.87\u2009V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, comparable to leading biomass\u2010derived Fe\u2010N\u2010C catalysts. In contrast, ZnCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    activation reduced the density of active sites, resulting in diminished ORR activity. This work provides insight into how activation pathways govern porosity evolution, Fe\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    site formation, and ORR performance. More broadly, it demonstrates the effective valorization of winemaking residues into functional electrocatalysts, offering a scalable and sustainable route for materials design in electrochemical energy conversion technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.70300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:35:13Z","timestamp":1778697313000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Role of Activating Agents on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Grape Pomace\u2010Derived Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3341-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Flores\u2010G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA) Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA) Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9632-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA) Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Chac\u00f3n\u2010Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica (ITQ) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas\u2010Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5276-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 H.","family":"Zagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de los Materiales Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Universidad de Santiago de Chile  Santiago Estaci\u00f3n Central Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinu","family":"Akula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaido","family":"Tammeveski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5181-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Javier","family":"Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica Aplicada Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid  Madrid Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7440-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Venegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA) Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins  Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA) Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins  Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.106075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2023.101426"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202301219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202315146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2023.101229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EY00014E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NA00074E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.139132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.08.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202200115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2020.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA00833K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918\u2010023\u201000197\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c02136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b00100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SE01214A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CC07438J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA08690C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202300849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2023.143060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.115067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2024.102035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2022.11.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2022.106676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820\u2010022\u201000974\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311\u2010022\u201001499\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2022.101023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC00843A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202301779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm34066f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.109605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2022.107348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2023.107987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201\u2010023\u201002034\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.09.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC04332K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC02100B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.124349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2022.105747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.01.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202404254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"International Organisation of Vine and Wine","author":"Intergovermental Organisation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","unstructured":"I.O. of V. and Wine I. Organisation \u201cWorld Wine Production Outlook OIV First Estimates \u201d n.d. https:\/\/www.oiv.int\/Sites\/default\/files\/documents\/OIV_World_Wine_Production_Outlook_2023_2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1003184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.10.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","unstructured":"(Industrias V\u00ednicas n.d.) www.vinicas.cl."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201018969\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2025.119183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2024.120613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783\u2010014\u20100693\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2023.101089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.61.14095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.135340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA07539A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.161464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853\u2010021\u201006122\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2025.130428"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202007326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.165895"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ06080A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2021.111526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202200813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.10.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA06022D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c00948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c01958"}],"container-title":["Small Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.70300","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smsc.70300","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.70300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:54:36Z","timestamp":1780584876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smsc.70300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smsc.70300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smsc.70300","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4046","2688-4046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4046","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-4046","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"e70300"}}