{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:53:19Z","timestamp":1791381199987,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report a scalable hydrogen\u2010free synthesis of heterophase 2H\/1T\u2032 WSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based gas sensor for ultrasensitive room temperature NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    detection. Moving beyond conventional defect engineering, this work leverages deliberate phase and morphological synergies to overcome traditional kinetic trade\u2010offs in 2D material\u2010based sensors. Unlike conventional 3D structures, this open hierarchical nano\u2010butterfly\u2010like morphology prevents van der Waals restacking and maximizes exposed active edge sites for rapid gas diffusion. Quantitative phase engineering yielding an optimized surface of kinetically trapped 1T\u2032 domains (\u223c17%) within a dominant 2H matrix (\u223c83%) uniquely couples the semiconducting baseline stability of the 2H phase with the rapid, metallic charge\u2013transfer channels of the 1T\u2032 twin boundaries. This synergistic transduction mechanism demonstrated a remarkable 40% response toward 800\u2009ppb NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , a theoretical limit of detection (LOD) of 4\u2009ppb, and robust environmental stability over 40 weeks without requiring external thermal or optical activation. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) simulations accelerated by Bayesian optimization successfully validated the experimental findings, identifying physisorption as the dominant interaction mode for NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    on WSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and providing insight into different adsorption modes on 2H and 1T\u2032 domains. These results establish a highly quantitative, structurally engineered framework for next\u2010generation low\u2010power transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) based gas sensors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.70322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:19:39Z","timestamp":1780985979000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydrogen\u2010Free APCVD Synthesis of Heterophase WSe\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Nano\u2010Butterflies for Room Temperature NO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Detection: Experimental and Computational Insights"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mubdiul Islam","family":"Rizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili MINOS School of Engineering  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"IU\u2010RESCAT Research Institute in Sustainability Climatic Change and Energy Transition Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Vila\u2010seca Spain"},{"name":"TecnATox \u2010 Centre for Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhilash","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty of Technology University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1533-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Ezahra","family":"Annanouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili MINOS School of Engineering  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"IU\u2010RESCAT Research Institute in Sustainability Climatic Change and Energy Transition Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Vila\u2010seca Spain"},{"name":"TecnATox \u2010 Centre for Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Todorovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty of Technology University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal","family":"Fadil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili MINOS School of Engineering  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"IU\u2010RESCAT Research Institute in Sustainability Climatic Change and Energy Transition Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Vila\u2010seca Spain"},{"name":"TecnATox \u2010 Centre for Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6164-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Llobet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili MINOS School of Engineering  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"IU\u2010RESCAT Research Institute in Sustainability Climatic Change and Energy Transition Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Vila\u2010seca Spain"},{"name":"TecnATox \u2010 Centre for Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542\u20105196(23)00189\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COESH.2021.100249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2023.122212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GLOENVCHA.2018.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"European Commission Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) \u201cRecommendation for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) (SCOEL\/SUM\/53) \u201d (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(03)13582\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVRES.2021.111766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met10060820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07699A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925\u20104005(03)00240\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0032003JES\/XML"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2012.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101573\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.215691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8050163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COESH.2024.100532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2024.100533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00604\u2010018\u20102750\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA06461A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA17643G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2021.129571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2019.127013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSABM.4C00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APSUSC.2020.147110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2023.133682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRAC.2022.116638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2022.132565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c16299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4982029\/22087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. R.Rawling andJ. M.Toguri \u201cThe Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen Selenide \u201d44 no.4(2011):451\u2013456 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/v66\u2010061.","DOI":"10.1139\/v66-061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10653\u2010022\u201001354\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HELIYON.2024.E26023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2025.138197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CEJ.2025.170681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSSENSORS.2C02104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40820\u2010021\u201000724\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn405719x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/ADV.2018.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00091A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.0C01155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.146401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0170972\/2920143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CPC.2009.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCP.2009.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4774090\/126471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.101.165103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201004395\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ADMA.202004930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524\u2010019\u20100175\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.4C03485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00761D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/NL400258T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RINP.2025.108232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/NL504256Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201008594\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0232113\/3310245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSANM.1C02603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSAENM.4C00575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2023.133822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR01979J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41563\u2010021\u201000971\u2010Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR03052K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVB.87.165409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.4C07519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5016189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8sc01778f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2na00321j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MSEB.2024.117616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b04467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MTCHEM.2022.101354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40486\u2010023\u201000171\u20100\/FIGURES\/5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TA09078K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41699\u2010025\u201000548\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/AN9871200199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSSENSORS.4C02097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.CHEMREV"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2007.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SNB.2020.129091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSAELM.4C00863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NA00135A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CEJ.2024.153381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009\u20102614(95)00905\u2010J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10854\u2010018\u201000593\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYM17060752\/S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15248728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSAMI.8B07034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PSSR.201900340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JALLCOM.2021.163166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSAMI.6B05943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ADFM.202003360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSANM.3C01181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MTCHEM.2022.100850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSSENSORS.4C01033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA05348D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925\u20104005(01)00890\u20105"}],"container-title":["Small Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.70322","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smsc.70322","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.70322","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T17:19:06Z","timestamp":1782667146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smsc.70322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smsc.70322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smsc.70322","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4046","2688-4046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4046","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-4046","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"article-number":"e70322"}}