{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:00:21Z","timestamp":1785301221380,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Formulations derived from polyethyleneimine (PEI) serve as versatile and efficient vehicles for the delivery of genes, drugs, and vaccines that are low\u2010immunogenic and viable alternatives to viral vectors. PEI ensures efficient endosomal escape, preventing the therapeutic cargo from degradation, enhancing uptake, and facilitating effective cytoplasmic release via the proton sponge effect. By combining PEI with tailor\u2010made delivery vehicles, such as polymeric assemblies, lipid\u2010based systems, and inorganic nanomaterials, enhanced targeting, safety, and therapeutic efficacy can be accomplished. PEI\u2010based systems are capable of delivering a wide range of drugs; in particular, they are suited to delivering drugs with a negative charge. A further function of PEI is to activate antigen\u2010presenting cells and stimulate cytokine production in order to enable the delivery of vaccines. In spite of the promise of PEI\u2010based formulations, biocompatibility remains a substantial concern. The most effective ways to increase PEI biocompatibility include optimizing charge density, molecular weight, and branching, developing targeted and responsive delivery systems, and using chemical modifications. To pave the way for future clinical applications, we discuss strategies to increase PEI safety, as well as recent advances and prospects in PEI\u2010based delivery approaches for gene, drug, and vaccine delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.70330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:19:05Z","timestamp":1784834345000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Polyethyleneimine\u2010Derived Nanoformulations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1964-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University  Southport Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Skwarczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences  The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed M.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201000369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1604681"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.16.7297"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.07.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB01639E"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708786242778"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S137980"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138620711797537076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","author":"Sharma A."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0565-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43977"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302495"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-10-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC03892H"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00478"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313883"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115128"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20022727.2018.1488497"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","volume-title":"Polymers and Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy","author":"Narain R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07583"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.696","article-title":"Exploring Polyethylenimine\u2010Mediated DNA Transfection and the Proton Sponge Hypothesis","volume":"7","author":"Akinc A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Gene Medicine: A Cross\u2010Disciplinary Journal for Research on the Science of Gene Transfer and Its Clinical Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051502"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201100190"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c00846"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","unstructured":"M.Fu \u201cExploring Mucoadhesive and Toxicological Characteristics of Novel Water\u2010Soluble Polymers Synthesised by Modifying Linear Polyethyleneimine with Various Anhydrides \u201d (Ph.D. Thesis University of Reading 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02271F"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6700(90)90011-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19990605)45:3<268::AID-JBM15>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Size Matters: Molecular Weight Affects the Efficiency of Poly (ethylenimine) as a Gene Delivery Vehicle","volume":"45","author":"Godbey W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of the Society for Biomaterials, the Japanese Society for Biomaterials and the Australian Society for Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac357a"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-022-00514-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125778"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00203-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200078n"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1509171"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp900278x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"The Effect of Cationic Charge Density Change on Transfection Efficiency of Polyethylenimine","volume":"16","author":"Amin Z. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp805026m"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.02.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502067102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm4004628"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b13295"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014861900478"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955710791185109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202402903"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300900"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.874"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800065f"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00790-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","unstructured":"E.Nicoli Study of Strategies for Increasing Biocompatibility and Effectiveness of Polyethylenimine Carriers for Gene Therapy (PhD Thesis Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cAmedeo Avogadro \u201d\u00a02015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0503571"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b04301"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB00087K"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703882104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2024.118008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201025277\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201021883\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800428y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","unstructured":"Polyplus\u2010Transfection (Sartorius) 2024. \u201cPEIpro\u2010HQ and PEIpro\u2010GMP Transfection Reagent Protocol \u201d Accessed April 18 2026 https:\/\/www.polyplus\u2010sartorius.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab313d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.09.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19191-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9459-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01573-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040500214647"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201300551"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02504-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200900291"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12050836"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2019.1599013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm25721a"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15224369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B507416A"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20021115)41:22<4252::AID-ANIE4252>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/42\/422001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01756J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302713"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214702"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Polymeric Micelles: General Considerations and Their Applications","volume":"45","author":"Mourya V.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.11.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.201800088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa5657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201900272"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200780"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00824"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12071146"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300275"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15020318"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032643"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00452"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2021.127920"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00159"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03491F"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201659z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14070374"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00931-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2010.526227"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b915139g"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113507"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c01306"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR05647E"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-023-03907-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min11121308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2022.100431"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2908-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00316A"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S279094"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1245-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425241003777010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nano.202100255"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.57.4.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_1","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Anticancer Therapeutics","author":"Barkat A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124775"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-020-00109-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1598375"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800781r"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6756763"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2019.1697282"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16048070"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13101772"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300068p"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102243"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098919"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300967"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00104-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9082"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_164_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Endosomal Escape Pathways for Non\u2010Viral Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems","volume":"2","author":"Liang W.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300293n"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016980"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar3000585"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR03471F"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61465-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c00625"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71798-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740424"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00219-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm900842d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040745"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300745"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b00803"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030428"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302534"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-005-9445-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2016.1276232"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1775"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5194780"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_187_1","volume-title":"Structural and Functional Effects of Polyethylenimine Gene Carriers","author":"Furgeson D. Y.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1005599"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1417512"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.01956.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.11.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2026.107986"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2026.107995"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA03250D"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2122595119"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123202"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2582462"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR01236J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b02963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00055-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvi081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S30919"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S31760"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00009-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b01651"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR05663B"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2017.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3409"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_213_1","unstructured":"I. A.Onyango Innate Immune Responses among Hiv\u20101 Highly Exposed Seronegative (hesn) Individuals to a Liveattenuated Influenza Vaccine as a Model for Mucosal Viral Infection 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601775"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.430-445.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339510791823637"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.757761"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2344"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S164097"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_220_1","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Enhanced Immune Response against HIV\u20101 Induced by a Heterologous DNA Prime\u2010Adenovirus Boost Vaccination Using Mannosylated Polyethyleneimine as DNA Vaccine Adjuvant","volume":"8","author":"Li M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c09484"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b19446"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2009.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.03.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23535.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.13.7507"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035416"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-23-0652"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_232_1","volume-title":"Phase 1b Trial of IFx\u2010Hu2. 0, a Novel Personalized Cancer Vaccine, in Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistant Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","author":"Brohl A. S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a99590"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100125"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc700388u"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119512"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4BM00317A"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc049743q"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_239_1","unstructured":"Polyplus\u2010Transfection 2024 \u201cVivo\u2010jetPEI Transfection Reagent Protocol \u201d Accessed April 18 2026 https:\/\/www.polyplus\u2010transfection.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30949-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-021-00136-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020410"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_244_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_246_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1474964"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_247_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S459905"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_248_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0344-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_249_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2018.1517746"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_250_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01290A"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_251_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434\u2010025\u201000573\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_252_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20565"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_253_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201900395"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_254_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110070"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_255_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1325"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_256_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp51207j"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_257_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040503"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_258_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c00706"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_259_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119986"}],"container-title":["Small Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.70330","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smsc.70330","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smsc.70330","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:17:12Z","timestamp":1785298632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smsc.70330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":258,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smsc.70330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smsc.70330","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4046","2688-4046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4046","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-4046","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"e70330"}}