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By codisplaying tumor antigens and conserved pathogen\u2010associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and CpG motifs, bacterial membranes activate dendritic cells, drive crosspresentation, and elicit durable cytotoxic T\u2010cell memory. Advances in genetic fusion systems (Lpp\u2010OmpA, ClyA, Ag43, and SpyTag\/SpyCatcher), lipid A detoxification, and tumor membrane hybridization have transformed bacterial membranes from empirical immunostimulants into programmable vaccine scaffolds. Preclinical studies across melanoma, lung, breast, and glioblastoma models show that these systems reprogram the tumor microenvironment, inducing Th1\u2010polarized immunity, pyroptotic tumor death, and synergy with checkpoint blockade, chemotherapy, and phototherapy. Beyond vesicular formats, membrane fragments and engineered ghosts demonstrate equivalent potential for safe, modular, and scalable vaccine design. 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