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APRs comprise gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with poly (vinylidene fluoride\u2010co\u2010hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF\u2010HFP) dielectric coating and are integrated onto a high\u2010permittivity barium titanate core. This yields a stable nanocomposite with maximum absorbance in the green band at around 525\u2009nm. APRs were evaluated in vitro using human pluripotent stem cell\u2010derived retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs) exposed to light stimulation. In vivo efficacy was assessed following intravitreal injection of APRs in the\n                    <jats:italic>rd1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mouse model, and functional outcomes were evaluated using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and pupillary light reflex (PLR) testing. In vitro, optical stimulation of hRGCs in the presence of APRs increased multielectrode\u2010array (MEA) firing. This shifted cellular metabolism toward mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation without inducing apoptosis. In\n                    <jats:italic>rd1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice, intravitreal APR delivery produced robust restoration of light\u2010evoked retinal activity in explant MEAs and improved functional readouts in vivo, validated by enhanced PLR and increased N1 amplitudes on flash VEPs. This study demonstrates that a fully injectable nanophotonic prosthesis can restore light responsiveness in a retinal degeneration model without the need for implanted electronics or genetic modification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.70353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:40:56Z","timestamp":1785508856000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Injectable Artificial Photoreceptors: STEM Cell Functional Integration and in vivo Electrophysiological Validation in Retinal Degeneration Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9156-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afshin","family":"Izadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Technology Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"},{"name":"Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience  West Lafayette Indiana 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