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Historically, research in this field has been dominated by toxic heavy\u2010metal\u2010based systems (Cd, Pb, Hg), but it is now undergoing a critical shift toward sustainability, driven by health concerns and RoHS regulations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of heavy\u2010metal\u2010free (HMF) chalcogenide NCs, including binary, ternary, and multinary systems. We analyze the fundamental principles governing their performance, specifically size\u2010dependent quantum confinement and compositional tuning that allow these \u201cgreen\u201d alternatives to achieve photoluminescence quantum yields exceeding 70%\u201390% and power conversion efficiencies of 8%\u201312%. This review further explores the unique structure\u2010property relationships of HMF chalcogenide NCs, highlighting their superior biocompatibility, low toxicity profiles, and defect\u2010tolerant electronic structures. Diverse applications are evaluated, ranging from broadband infrared photodetection to high\u2010purity color emission for QLEDs. Special emphasis is placed on the challenges of surface engineering and ligand exchange, focusing on the transition from time\u2010consuming layer\u2010by\u2010layer processing to efficient one\u2010step solution\u2010phase strategies. Finally, future research directions are outlined, including mitigation of ions in HMF chalcogenide NCs and development of self\u2010powered sensing platforms for the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable electronics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.70411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:02:53Z","timestamp":1791964973000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Future Outlook Toward Heavy\u2010Metal\u2010Free Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystals for Optoelectronic Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apurba","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz\u2010Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Physical Chemistry TU Dresden  Dresden 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