{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:50:50Z","timestamp":1791528650629,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Additive manufactured electrochemical platforms produced using bespoke conductive filaments are becoming increasingly established within modern electrochemical research; however, the latest developments within the field of additive manufacturing electrochemistry using fused filament fabrication technology have shown that it is constrained by the available material pool. Here, we introduce the first conductive high\u2010density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) filament engineered for additive manufacturing implementation as a new alternative for conductive, chemically resilient filaments which is paramount to unlocking new applications. Using a thermal compounding process that avoids environmentally harmful chemical solvents, 40\u2009wt% carbon black (CB) was incorporated into HDPE and extruded into a flexible, plasticizer\u2010free filament with a low bulk resistivity of 16.4 (\u00b11.0) \u03a9\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2012<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Following printing, electrochemical activation was required to expose the conductive carbon black phase and generate the functional electrode surface, particularly for inner\u2010sphere electron transfer. Optimized additive manufacturing produced electrochemical platforms with reproducible performance and heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics corresponding to 2.93\u2009(\u00b10.19)\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009cm\u2009s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Electrochemical stability testing revealed that the CB\/HDPE additive\u00a0manufactured electrodes exhibited consistent voltammetric responses for over 60 scans, representing an improvement compared to other conductive polymer feedstocks. Over a 70\u2010day period, the CB\/HDPE electrodes also maintained chemical stability following immersion in six different solvents. The material\u2019s versatility was demonstrated through proof of concept for the electrosynthetic oxidation of chlorpromazine\u2010to\u2010chlorpromazine sulfoxide and the electroanalytical determination of caffeine in commercial energy and coffee beverages, which was validated against liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy, both in aqueous and organic media. This work establishes conductive HDPE as a new entrant to the additive manufacturing electrochemistry toolkit, expanding the material landscape and enabling applications previously inaccessible with existing polymers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.70425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:27:29Z","timestamp":1791527249000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Additive Manufacturing Engineering for Electrochemistry: Conductive High\u2010Density Polyethylene Filament Expands the Materials Landscape"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Muhzamil A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester Great Britain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0764-789X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bernalte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester Great Britain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ridho","family":"Asra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Edgbaston Great Britain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1444-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Tapping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester Great Britain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C. M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester Great Britain"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia  Uberl\u00e2ndia Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Edgbaston Great Britain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo A. 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