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Therefore, they are attracting global attention, especially in the fields of energy conversion and storage. To date, research has focused on transition\u2010metal and precious\u2010metal\u2010based SACs. More recently, rare\u2010earth (RE)\u2010based SACs have emerged as a new frontier in photo\/electrocatalysis owing to their unique electronic structure arising from the spin\u2010orbit coupling of the 4f and valence orbitals, unsaturated coordination environment, and unique behavior as charge\u2010transport bridges. However, a systematic review on the role of the RE active sites, catalytic mechanisms, and synthetic methods for RE SACs is lacking. Therefore, in this review, the latest developments in RE SACs having applications in photo\/electrocatalysis are summarized and discussed. First, the theoretical advantages of RE SACs for photo\/electrocatalysis are briefly introduced, focusing on the roles of the 4f orbitals and coupled energy levels. In addition, the most recent research progress on RE SACs is summarized for several important photo\/electrocatalytic reactions and the corresponding catalytic mechanisms are discussed. Further, the synthetic strategies for the production of RE SACs are reported. Finally, challenges for the development of RE SACs are highlighted, along with future research directions and perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202200413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T04:06:42Z","timestamp":1656130002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Rare\u2010Earth Single\u2010Atom Catalysts: A New Frontier in Photo\/Electrocatalysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing 210023 P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI\u2010AIMR) Tohoku University  Sendai 980\u20108577 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong\u2010Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technology University  Singapore 637459 Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing 210023 P. R. 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