{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1783245394483,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC 52072207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC 52072207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62175204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upscaling large\u2010area formamidinium (FA)\u2010based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been considered as one of the most promising routes for the commercial applications of this rising photovoltaics technology. Here, a natural amino acid, phenylalanine (Phe), is introduced to regulate the nucleation and crystal growth process of the large\u2010scale coating of FA\u2010based perovskite films. Better film coverage and larger grain sizes are observed after adding Phe. Moreover, it is found that Phe can effectively passivate defects within perovskite films and suppress the nonradiative recombination due to the strong interaction with under\u2010coordinated Pb<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ions in the perovskite films. Rigid PSCs based on the blade\u2010coated perovskite films containing Phe obtain a champion efficiency of 21.95%. The corresponding unencapsulated devices also exhibit excellent ambient stability, retaining 95% of their initial efficiencies after storage in the glovebox at 20\u00a0\u00b0C for 1000\u00a0h. Further, the strategy is applied to fabricate flexible PSCs and modules on polyethylene terephthalate\/indium doped tin oxide substrates via slot\u2010die coating. Phe modified flexible devices achieve outstanding efficiencies of 20.21%, 12.1%, and 11.2% with aperture areas of 0.10, 185, and 333\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively. The strategy here has paved a promising way for the large\u2010scale production of flexible PSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202200669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T12:07:33Z","timestamp":1668082053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Natural Amino Acid Enables Scalable Fabrication of High\u2010Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules with Areas over 300 cm<sup>2<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2286-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiazheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youcheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering Xiamen University  Xiamen 361005 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3382-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03964-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201809781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA13719J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201706777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SE01774D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax7537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg3749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b01735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201600994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201408638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA04647A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201903108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02164D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav8925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201900146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201500477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ee43822h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat3583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00831-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201902974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c00354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202200120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA09369A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0398-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aaa054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201901852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA12342K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b02375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08455-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202012280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(00)00391-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.200510668"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA11782A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03406-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA10717D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c01848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201904945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05760-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-0256(96)00008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.50.17953"}],"container-title":["Small Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.202200669","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smtd.202200669","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.202200669","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T20:32:13Z","timestamp":1692563533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smtd.202200669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smtd.202200669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.202200669","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-9608","2366-9608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-9608","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-9608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2200669"}}