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However, synthesizing CTO poses a significant challenge due to its metastable nature and thermal instability. In this study, this challenge is addressed by employing a flux\u2010mediated synthesis technique using a sodium\u2010based flux to create sodium\u2010doped CTO (Na\u2010CTO) thin films, providing enhanced nucleation and stabilization for the CTO phase. To evaluate the PEC performance and catalytic properties of the films, copper(II) oxide (CuO) at the Na\u2010CTO surface is selectively etched. The etched Na\u2010CTO shows a lower dark current, with decreased contribution from photocorrosion, unlike the non\u2010etched Na\u2010CTO which has remaining CuO on the surface. Furthermore, Na\u2010CTO exhibits 7.3\u2010fold ethylene selectivity over hydrogen, thus highlighting its promising potential as a photocathode for C\n                    <jats:sub>2+<\/jats:sub>\n                    production through PEC CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202401432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T23:18:35Z","timestamp":1736983115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Copper Tantalate by a Sodium\u2010Driven Flux\u2010Mediated Synthesis for Photoelectrochemical CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Reduction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ariadne","family":"K\u00f6che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liquid Sunlight Alliance Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Av. Bento Gon\u00e7alves 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91540\u2010000 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kootak","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Chonnam National University  Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liquid Sunlight Alliance Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Hereon  Kantstra\u00dfe 55 14513 Teltow Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Babbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liquid Sunlight Alliance Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeongyu","family":"Gim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Chonnam National University  Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keon\u2010Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liquid Sunlight Alliance Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley  Berkeley CA 94720 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojoong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Hereon  Kantstra\u00dfe 55 14513 Teltow Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonsung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inhyeok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gnanavel Vaidhyanathan","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Hereon  Kantstra\u00dfe 55 14513 Teltow Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"St\u00f6rmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Hereon  Kantstra\u00dfe 55 14513 Teltow Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae\u2010Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Chonnam National University  Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis T.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liquid Sunlight Alliance Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 United States"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley  Berkeley CA 94720 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherdil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Materials Science Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Av. 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