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The sensor is a two\u2010terminal device and incorporates a millimeter\u2010wide gold interface, bio\u2010functionalized with \u224810\n                    <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                    anti\u2010IgM antibodies and capacitively coupled to a bare graphene electrode through a water\u2010soaked paper strip. In this configuration, few affinity binding events trigger a collective electrostatic reorganization of the protein layer, leading to an extended surface potential (SP) shift of the biofunctionalized Au surface. The SP shift, mediated by electrolyte capacitive coupling, induces a corresponding shift in the Fermi level of graphene. This shifts the graphene phonon frequencies, which are measured by Raman spectroscopy. Decoupling the sensing interface from the transducing graphene layer provides flexibility in surface chemistry modifications, while preserving the graphene integrity. A key aspect of this biosensor is its ability to precisely determine the graphene charge neutrality point from the voltage dependence of phonon frequency shifts, enabling detections of biomarker at unprecedented low concentrations. The integration of graphene with optical probing demonstrates a proof\u2010of\u2010concept and establishes a ground\u2010breaking approach to in situ biomarker detection, setting the stage for a future generation of portable opto\u2010electronic high\u2010performance diagnostic tools for single\u2010marker detection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202402026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T02:04:51Z","timestamp":1737511491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Graphene\u2010Based Opto\u2010Electronic Platform for Ultra\u2010Sensitive Biomarker Detection at Zeptomolar Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Piscitelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  70125 Bari, Italy and CNR IFN Bari 70125 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