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However, the presence of inherent surface defects in NiO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    films (e.g., oxidized species and chemical impurities) leads to significant open\u2010circuit voltage (\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OC<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) losses and severe non\u2010radiative recombination, particularly pronounced under low\u2010light conditions. To address these challenges, a facile surface reconstruction strategy is introduced using chloroform (CHCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) as a solvent\u2010mediated modifier. This treatment simultaneously enhances the Ni\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration and hydroxyl group density on the NiO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    surface, thereby improving electrical conductivity and providing more bonding sites for the subsequent deposition of the polymeric co\u2010HTL Poly[bis(4\u2010phenyl)(2,4,6\u2010trimethylphenyl)amine]. As a result, wide\u2010bandgap PSCs incorporating CHCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010treated NiO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 21% under AM 1.5\u00a0G illumination, along with an outstanding indoor PCE of 44.74% (steady\u2010state 42.69%) under LED lighting conditions (1000 lux, 301.9\u00a0\u00b5W\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 3\u00a0000 K).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202501887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T04:18:12Z","timestamp":1761625092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Surface\u2010Reconstructed NiO\n                    <i>\n                      <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    <\/i>\n                    via Solvent\u2010Mediated Engineering for Wide\u2010Bandgap Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qiaoyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzha","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daxin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7125-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohua","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Technology College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Jinan University  Guangzhou 510632 China"},{"name":"Guangdong Mellow Energy Co., Ltd.  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