{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:03:47Z","timestamp":1784887427449,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention because of their high catalytic activity, which is closely tied to their atomic\u2010scale structural disorder. In this study, we investigate size\u2010dependent structural disorders in both face\u2010centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close\u2010packed (hcp) Ru NPs by pair\u2010distribution\u2010function (PDF)\u2010based structural refinement, called crystal PDF full\u2010space refinement. High\u2010energy X\u2010ray total scattering experiments were conducted, and the experimental PDFs were analyzed using an extended unit cell (EUC) model to quantify stacking faults. The results reveal that all Ru NPs, irrespective of their nominal phase, exhibit mixed stacking sequences of fcc and hcp layers. A strong correlation between NP size and stacking fraction was found in fcc\u2010based NPs, whereas hcp\u2010based particles exhibited prominent asymmetry in short\u2010range PDFs, consistent with a higher density of point\u2010defect\u2010like coordination losses. The presence of such defects was supported by peak intensity reduction and lattice contraction trends. Although a direct relationship between point defects and catalytic activity remains unclear, our findings underscore the importance of local atomic arrangements in determining the functionality of Ru NPs. This study demonstrates the utility of crystal PDF full\u2010space refinement for revealing hidden disorders in nanocrystalline systems and lays the groundwork for rational catalyst design through structural control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202501982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:26:10Z","timestamp":1776673570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of Size\u2010Dependent Structural Disorder in Ruthenium Nanoparticles by Crystal PDF Full\u2010Space Refinement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5058-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hiroi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials for Energy Shimane University  Matsue Shimane Japan"},{"name":"Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute  Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Ashitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute  Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okkyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute  Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaemyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN SPring\u20108 Center  Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chulho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NISSAN ARC, LTD.  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