{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:06:52Z","timestamp":1792454812230,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR\u20101828371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR\u20101828371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nanoparticles introduced to biological media rapidly adsorb proteins to form a protein corona that alters their surface identity and governs biological interactions. While protein corona composition has been extensively studied, its spatial structure, particularly thickness at the single\u2010particle level, remains poorly resolved. Here, we establish and validate a strategy using dual\u2010color stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) for the direct measurement of hard corona thickness on individual nanoparticles. The nanoparticle surface and retained protein corona were labeled with spectrally distinct fluorophores, allowing the radial separation between the nanoparticle and adsorbed protein layer to be determined from single\u2010particle localization distributions. Applied to dense silica, mesoporous silica, and polystyrene nanoparticles, the method revealed a remarkably consistent hard corona thickness of approximately 50\u00a0nm, with particle\u2010level standard deviations ranging from 12 to 27\u00a0nm. Sensitivity analysis, localization precision assessment, control experiments, and day\u2010to\u2010day reproducibility measurements supported the robustness of the measurement strategy. Proteomic analysis showed similar molecular weight distributions across all nanoparticle classes, consistent with the comparable external surface chemistries used here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202502394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:38:28Z","timestamp":1778560708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Direct Measurement of Protein Corona Thickness on Nanomaterials Using Dual\u2010Color Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bradley T.","family":"Cech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie M.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3092-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Landry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont 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