{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:23:57Z","timestamp":1785273837908,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electron transport layers (ETLs) with efficient electron extraction are essential for high\u2010performance organic solar cells (OSCs). Sol\u2013gel\u2010derived zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used as an ETL because of its high electron mobility and suitable work function; however, intrinsic defects in ZnO often limit the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device. To overcome this limitation, inverted OSCs employing ZnO doped with small molecule electrolytes (SMEs) as the ETL are developed. Rylene diimide\u2010based SMEs containing tosylate anions, PDIN\u2010OTs and NDIN\u2010OTs, are synthesized and incorporated into ZnO for non\u2010fullerene OSCs. The resulting ZnO\u2013SME hybrid films significantly enhance device performance, yielding a PCE of up to 18.3%. Devices modified with PDIN\u2010OTs exhibit higher short\u2010circuit current density (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      J\n                      <jats:sub>sc<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), while those using NDIN\u2010OTs show improved fill factor (\n                    <jats:italic>FF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). These enhancements arise from the effective passivation of ZnO trap states through interactions between tosylate anions and Zn ions in the ZnO lattice, consistent with a trap\u2010filling mechanism. This interaction facilitates electron transport, suppresses charge recombination, and increases ZnO conductivity. In addition, reduced work function, Urbach energy, and trap density further promote efficient charge transport and collection. Overall, this study demonstrates that organic SMEs are effective ZnO modifiers and offer a promising strategy for improving OSC performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202502425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:10:21Z","timestamp":1773303021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Role of Tosylate Anions in Small Molecule Electrolytes Enabling Defect Passivation by Regulating Zinc Coordination of Zinc Oxide Hybrid Films for Organic Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahmatia Fitri Binti","family":"Nasrun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering Pukyong National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"CECS Research Institute Core Research Institute  Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7461-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hwan","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering Pukyong National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"CECS Research Institute Core Research Institute  Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering Pukyong National University  Busan South Korea"},{"name":"CECS Research Institute Core Research Institute  Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202213324"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of Acid Additive in Amino\u2010functionalized Conjugated Polymer Electrolytes as the Interlayer for Organic Solar Cells","volume":"0","author":"Nasrun R. F. B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2024.02.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233\u2010020\u20108167\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2024.07.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233\u2010025\u201000394\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233\u2010025\u201000369\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.60.1854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010522"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TA09141H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2024.2330160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233\u2010023\u201000243\u20105"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"Non\u2010conjugated Polymer Electrolytes for Polymer Solar Cells","volume":"31","author":"Nasrun R. F. B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Chemistry for Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2024.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233\u2010024\u201000329\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233\u2010025\u201000457\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2022.2046914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202501810"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202402128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2025.113110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202002932"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202200549"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202404297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polyviologen Derivatives as an Interfacial Layer in Polymer Solar Cells","volume":"107","author":"Jo Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2022.110625"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2023.111345"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtener.2023.101297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c02181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2022.2164654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201800086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11030378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.008"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","article-title":"Recombination via Tail States in Polythiophene:Fullerene Solar Cells","volume":"83","author":"Kirchartz T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Solar RRL"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Zhao H.Wu X.Liu et\u00a0al. Naphthalimide Molecular\u2010Doped Zinc Oxide Cathode Interfacial Layer Inhibits Charge Trapping in Organic Solar Cells8 no.2(2024):2300848.","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202300848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202508888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.02.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP01351B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc10321k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201900008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC01648B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201000883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA00232E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c23494"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202000481"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202500975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202202011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202406136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202517542"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2024.107059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202311216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c12605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c04656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200703050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04299G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am5082606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b03776"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2019.107927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202212236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202300228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202212698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202402104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA07856B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.1c01433"}],"container-title":["Small Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.202502425","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smtd.202502425","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.202502425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:27:50Z","timestamp":1775539670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smtd.202502425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smtd.202502425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.202502425","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-9608","2366-9608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-9608","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-9608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02425"}}