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However, repeated measurement is difficult with label\u2010based acquisition, as photobleaching, phototoxicity, and probe\u2010induced perturbation accumulate. Label\u2010free monitoring that leverages intrinsic physical signals circumvents these constraints, shifting the analytical burden from label chemistry to instrumental drift. In this review, we organize this field into three measurement modalities, including imaging\u2010based, vibrational spectroscopy\u2010based, and electrical sensing\u2010based, each linked to distinct intrinsic state variables. Anchoring each modality to biological state variables such as structural organization, molecular composition, or dielectric architecture enables a physics\u2010grounded framework that clarifies how intrinsic signals map onto functional cellular phenotypes in longitudinal monitoring. We describe the measurement principle, drift sources, and feature space for each modality, and evaluate representative platforms against a frame spanning design, feature definition, quantitative performance, and validation practice. Dominant analytical constraints differ systematically across modalities, motivating integrative architectures in which complementary modalities resolve ambiguities that no single modality can disentangle. 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