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Here, we report a membrane\u2010engineered biomimetic gold\u2013carbon theranostic nanoplatform (ARG\u2010SF@M) that integrates immune evasion, homologous targeting, dual\u2010modal imaging, and synergistic chemo\u2010photothermal therapy (chemo\u2010PTT) within a single nanosystem. The platform is constructed by co\u2010assembling gold nanorods (AuNRs) and a fluorescent carbon nanomaterial (GTTN) for efficient SF loading, followed by cloaking with HCC cell membranes to confer prolonged circulation and tumor\u2010homotypic recognition. AuNRs enable efficient near\u2010infrared photothermal conversion and thermal imaging (TI), while GTTN provides stable fluorescence imaging (FI) for real\u2010time biodistribution monitoring. The membrane camouflage markedly enhances tumor accumulation and reduces off\u2010target distribution, thereby improving SF delivery efficiency. In vivo studies demonstrate that ARG\u2010SF@M achieves a tumor inhibition rate of 81.92%, significantly higher than that of free SF (42.43%) and non\u2010biomimetic ARG\u2010SF (66.05%). Under NIR irradiation, tumor suppression further increases to 90.77%, substantially outperforming AuNRs + L (55.35%), confirming strong chemo\u2010PTT synergy. Mechanistically, photothermal activation induces intratumoral hyperthermia, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive reactive oxygen species generation, HSP70 upregulation, and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Collectively, this work presents a rational biomimetic membrane\u2010engineering strategy for imaging\u2010guided precision HCC theranostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.70788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:20:46Z","timestamp":1782274846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune\u2010Evasive Biomimetic Gold\u2013Carbon Nanoplatform for Dual\u2010Modal Theranostics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center of Human\u2010machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province College of Pharmacy Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences Hainan Medical University  Haikou Hainan 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