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Here, we present a filtration\u2010based surface\u2010enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform based on a microenvironment engineering strategy, in which plasmonic nanostructures are dynamically formed within the bacterial microenvironment. Using a gold nanostructured glass microfiber membrane, the platform enables large\u2010volume sample processing through size\u2010selective bacterial capture, followed by in situ gold growth that generates bacteria\u2010centered plasmonic hotspots directly around bacterial cells. This architecture fundamentally overcomes the intrinsic hotspot\u2013bacteria mismatch in conventional substrate\u2010based SERS systems, enabling highly sensitive and selective detection while effectively suppressing nonspecific interference in complex biological matrices. To further address sampling limitations at low concentrations, a minimal pre\u2010culture strategy was introduced to enhance bacterial surface occupancy, improving the detection limit from 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/mL. In addition, SERS signal intensity directly reflects bacterial viability, allowing rapid differentiation of antimicrobial responses and enabling susceptibility assessment within 2\u00a0h. By integrating physical enrichment with microenvironment\u2010driven signal amplification, this platform simultaneously achieves low\u2010level detection and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing within a single system. These results highlight its potential as a next\u2010generation integrated diagnostic platform for clinical sample analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.70972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:23:45Z","timestamp":1786947825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Filtration\u2010Based SERS With In Situ Gold Growth in Bacterial Microenvironment for Rapid Detection of Low\u2010Level Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eun\u2010Bi","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Bio and Healthcare Materials Research Division Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)  Changwon Gyeongnam Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science Hanyang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Bio and Healthcare Materials Research Division Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)  Changwon Gyeongnam Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0129-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoeil","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science Hanyang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min\u2010Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Bio and Healthcare Materials Research Division Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)  Changwon Gyeongnam Republic of 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