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While conventional photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopies are important characterization tools, their mapping in large area samples can be time\u2010consuming and lacks direct sensitivity for comprehensive defect characterization. Here, we introduce resonance\u2010enhanced four\u2010wave mixing (FWM) imaging for precise imaging and characterization of vanadium\u2010induced defect states in  monolayers. Our multi\u2010modal investigation, integrating hyperspectral PL, Raman, and supported by density functional calculations, reveals nanoscale doping inhomogeneities, their influence on excitonic and vibrational properties. We observe resonance\u2010enhanced FWM signals correlating with vanadium\u2010induced defect regions, evidencing their unique nonlinear optical response. This work establishes FWM as an essential platform for high\u2010resolution, defect\u2010sensitive imaging, advancing defect\u2010engineered excitonic devices and enabling novel nonlinear quantum\u00a0photonics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.70996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1788503596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resonance\u2010Enhanced Four\u2010Wave Mixing Imaging for Mapping Defect Regions in Vanadium\u2010Doped WS\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Monolayers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9528-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Menescal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico B.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for 2\u2010Dimensional and Layered Materials The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P. M.","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0038-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor F.","family":"Curvelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-3992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus J. S.","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Ouro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Da Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0464-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo R. A.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helio","family":"Chacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Terrones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for 2\u2010Dimensional and Layered Materials The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno R.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro M.","family":"Malard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/3\/2\/022002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202100122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl0823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201706950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202102711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202205800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202400235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202405434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5c00951"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0251288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b03795"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2025.1537299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b00371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c14092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.2c04120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/abeed4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.106.115301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-020-1321-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b01672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c01838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"1097","volume-title":"Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics","author":"Boyd R. 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