{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:00:34Z","timestamp":1790172034516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22322408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22322408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22474096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22474096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224B2408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224B2408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In situ regeneration of sensing interfaces has emerged as a pivotal enabling strategy for real\u2010time monitoring, addressing the persistent challenge of maintaining long\u2010term operational stability, as biofouling, recognition\u2010layer deactivation, signal drift, and structural degradation remain major bottlenecks limiting practical deployment. This review systematically examines the structural features and failure mechanisms of sensing interfaces, clarifies their underlying regeneration principles, and categorizes four major regeneration strategies: physical regeneration, chemical\/electrochemical regeneration, biocatalytic regeneration, and materials\u2010enabled self\u2010healing and active regeneration. We comprehensively compare the mechanisms, operational boundaries, and application\u2010specific suitability across three dominant sensing systems: electrochemical, field\u2010effect transistor (FET)\u2010based, and enzyme\u2010based sensors. In the context of wearable, implantable, and point\u2010of\u2010care testing (POCT) applications, the trade\u2010offs among interfacial stability, regeneration efficiency, analytical performance, and system integration are further discussed. Finally, we highlight future opportunities to advance in situ regeneration technology, including intelligent triggering of regeneration, synergistic multi\u2010mechanism regeneration, rational interfacial materials design, and closed\u2010loop system architecture. This review provides a conceptual framework for designing robust, long\u2010lived sensing platforms that meet the demands of real\u2010time monitoring across diverse technological and clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.70999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:30:41Z","timestamp":1787632241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms and Strategies for in Situ Regeneration of Sensing Interfaces for Real\u2010Time Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanbing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2025.100728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202010675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100035s"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la503533g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44328\u2010025\u201000072\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c02717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44328\u2010025\u201000045\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2026.118819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SD00181A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2026.129767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.70222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010025\u201000374\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010023\u201002153\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00001C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20150001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.125510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c14407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202500400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010024\u201003026\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202300170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c00961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201061784\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c04579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c11449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201065458\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202500081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC02021A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15080491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604\u2010021\u201004725\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0an00178c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4nr05495d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl500841n"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504487g"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA10070D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWIS69004.2025.11339418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378\u2010026\u201001211\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202404685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade2819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NH00478K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c00194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1558035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LP00114H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117493"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR05456J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.02.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246\u2010025\u201000983\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00374"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2020.111281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.09.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC50953B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010022\u201000916\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.129241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12154\u2010013\u20100102\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201062063\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010024\u201000205\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604\u2010020\u201004390\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM00936C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541\u20104337.12382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010024\u201002900\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.109628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supmat.2024.100070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2024.101448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA02308J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FD00044K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2025.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2025.100934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c11857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn2600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR04441J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.875656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmat.2020.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.117096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c02462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010021\u201003313\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gce.2023.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c03633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2025.100711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202500002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234\u2010025\u201000179\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202417520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820\u2010024\u201001597\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.5c03078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3628204"}],"container-title":["Small Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.70999","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smtd.70999","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.70999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1790168965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smtd.70999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smtd.70999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.70999","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-9608","2366-9608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-9608","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-9608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70999"}}