{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1790172033712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005073","name":"Agency for Defense Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI247016TE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI247016TE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000302646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000302646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Halide perovskite single crystals are promising active materials for direct x\u2010ray detectors because of their strong x\u2010ray absorption, efficient charge transport, and solution\u2010processable crystal growth. However, in thick single\u2010crystal detectors, lateral side surfaces can act as conductive leakage pathways, increasing dark current, inducing baseline drift, and generating transient overshoot and undershoot during x\u2010ray irradiation. Previous passivation and heterojunction strategies have mainly focused on metal\u2013semiconductor interfaces, leaving side\u2010surface transport pathways insufficiently controlled. Here, a selective side\u2010surface ion\u2010exchange strategy is developed to construct halide\u2010gradient sidewall heterojunctions in MAPbBr\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    single crystals. Through methylammonium chloride\u2010induced ion exchange, compositionally graded MAPbBr\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>\u2212<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cl\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/MAPbBr\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    multi\u2010heterojunctions are formed along the crystal sidewalls, creating wide\u2010bandgap lateral barriers that confine charge carriers within the Br\u2010rich bulk region. Spatial conductivity mapping and current\u2010distribution simulations reveal that the graded sidewalls suppress edge\u2010dominated conductivity and homogenize vertical charge transport without requiring guard\u2010ring electrodes. Consequently, side\u2010surface leakage, baseline drift, and transient undershoot are strongly suppressed, yielding reproducible and distortion\u2010free x\u2010ray responses. The treated detectors exhibit a 4.7\u2010fold enhancement in sensitivity, a 2.85\u2010fold reduction in detection limit, and markedly improved low\u2010dose x\u2010ray imaging contrast. This work establishes sidewall\u2010selective halide\u2010gradient engineering as a scalable route for lateral charge confinement in perovskite single\u2010crystal radiation detectors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.71005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:35:01Z","timestamp":1787978101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Halide\u2010Gradient Sidewall Heterojunctions for Lateral Charge Confinement in Perovskite Single Crystal x\u2010ray Detectors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8239-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jangwon","family":"Byun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahreum","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beomjun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5203-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung\u2010Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Materials Program Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichul","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Materials Program Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7458-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo\u2010Hong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Display Engineering Yonsei University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Environmental Science Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0170-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transdisciplinary Innovations Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Energy Resources Engineering and Research Institute of Energy and Resources Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hoe","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man\u2010Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Materials Program Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71679-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247\u2010006\u20100208\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2009.2025041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201027125\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2034386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577518006197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2950319"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2004.08.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20100248(98)80270\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.200304296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201008981\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TA00492B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201306281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz500370k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201409740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2020.100240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.111783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c02061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432\u2010023\u20103856\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c21948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202200449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202400707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c00804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c00496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202000718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado0873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202100227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201017096\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.202100329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c02599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33961\/jecst.2021.00136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2020.412310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.1c00205"}],"container-title":["Small Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.71005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smtd.71005","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smtd.71005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:08:47Z","timestamp":1790168927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smtd.71005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smtd.71005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.71005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-9608","2366-9608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-9608","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-9608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71005"}}