{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:06:31Z","timestamp":1789545991552,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62431001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62431001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Water electrolysis is a promising route for renewable energy conversion and green hydrogen production, yet hydrogen bubbles generated during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can mask active sites, hinder electrolyte transport, and disturb the interfacial reaction environment, leading to distorted apparent catalytic performance. Here, we develop a prism\u2010coupled, dual\u2010camera synchronous polarization imaging system for in situ visualization and quantitative analysis of multi\u2010bubble interfaces on Ni\u2010based electrodes. By extracting degree of polarization (DOP) maps, we correlate the polarization response with bubble coverage and define an apparent coverage parameter, \u03b8\n                    <jats:sub>DOP<\/jats:sub>\n                    , to describe the overall interfacial state. The quantitative correspondence between \u03b8\n                    <jats:sub>DOP<\/jats:sub>\n                    and reference bubble coverage was directly validated up to approximately 50% coverage. Bubble evolution was strongly affected by scan rate, while increasing overpotential led to more intense and complex multi\u2010bubble dynamics. Comparative measurements on bare Ni and NiMo\u2010loaded Ni electrodes, including matched\u2010current\u2010density tests from 1 to 50\u00a0mA\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , revealed distinct bubble morphologies and interfacial coverage evolution. This work demonstrates that dual\u2010camera polarization imaging combined with \u03b8\n                    <jats:sub>DOP<\/jats:sub>\n                    provides an effective in situ approach for characterizing bubble generation, accumulation, and detachment at complex multi\u2010bubble interfaces in Ni\u2010based HER systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.71047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:40:24Z","timestamp":1789544424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Situ Polarization Imaging of Multi\u2010Bubble Dynamics on Nickel\u2010Based Electrodes During Hydrogen Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Huaiyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value\u2010added Applications, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value\u2010added Applications, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6503-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value\u2010added Applications, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value\u2010added Applications, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered Materials for Value\u2010added Applications, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Manufacturing Guangdong University of Technology  Jieyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7618-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University  Shenzhen P. R. 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