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This comprehensive review systematically examines five essential functional modules\u2014mixing, fluid actuation, reagent storage, separation, and reaction chambers\u2014that underpin integrated lab\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip systems. For each module, the underlying physical principles and representative technologies are critically analyzed with respect to performance metrics (e.g., efficiency and throughput) and structural complexity. By elucidating how microscale transport phenomena, including laminar flow control, efficient heat and mass transfer, and precise reagent manipulation, enable the automation of biological assays, this review clarifies the diagnostic capabilities achievable on a chip, including nucleic acid amplification, immunoassays, and label\u2010free molecular sensing. Emerging trends in modular design, scalable fabrication methods, and intelligent autonomous operation are discussed as critical drivers for next\u2010generation sample\u2010to\u2010answer systems. 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