{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:50:00Z","timestamp":1791442200656,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E2EG680X2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2EG680X2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Iridium (Ir), a representative platinum\u2010group metal, possesses unique 5d electronic structure, multiple accessible oxidation states, exceptional chemical stability, and highly tunable coordination chemistry, making it an attractive platform for biomedical nanotechnology. Recent advances in nanomaterial synthesis and interfacial engineering have enabled the development of diverse Ir\u2010based nanomaterials, including coordination complexes, nanoparticles, single\u2010atom nanocatalysts, and metal\u2010organic frameworks, with precisely engineered electronic structures and catalytic properties. Through the rational regulation of valence states, crystal phases, defect structures, and metal\u2010support interfacial interactions, these nanomaterials exhibit remarkable redox activity, enzyme\u2010like catalysis, and responsiveness to external\u2010field stimuli. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in the design, fabrication, structural and electronic engineering, physicochemical properties, and biological applications of Ir\u2010based nanomaterials. Particular attention is given to their enzyme\u2010mimetic activities, catalytic mechanisms, and unique bidirectional oxidative\u2010antioxidative regulatory capabilities, as well as their cellular interactions and toxicological characteristics. We further summarize their emerging biomedical applications in biosensing, cancer therapy, and antimicrobial treatment, where catalytic regulation, tissue microenvironment modulation, and external\u2010field\u2010enhanced strategies collectively enable improved therapeutic performance. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed, including structure\u2010activity relationship elucidation, intelligent stimulus\u2010responsive therapeutic platforms, artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010assisted materials discovery, long\u2010term safety evaluation, and potential clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.71098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:00:15Z","timestamp":1791439215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iridium\u2010Based Nanomaterials: Precise Fabrication, Structural and Electronic Modulation, and Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ruidong","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Beijing P. R. China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songjing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Qilu Hospital Shandong University  Jinan Shandong P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1247-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Qilu Hospital Shandong University  Jinan Shandong P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1420-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lefu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource Low\u2010Carbon Utilization and New Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1041-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Qilu Hospital Shandong University  Jinan Shandong P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00315-5","article-title":"Nanozymes for Nanohealthcare","volume":"4","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Methods Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55658-0","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment\u2010Responsive Engineered Hybrid Nanomedicine for Photodynamic\u2010Immunotherapy via Multi\u2010Pronged Amplification of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"16","author":"Zou J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01332-8","article-title":"Hypoxic Microenvironment in Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"8","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12049","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c02265","article-title":"Transition\u2010Metal\u2010Based Nanozymes: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action, and Applications in Cancer Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Fu Q.","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132675","article-title":"Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles\u2010Based Theranostic Probe for In Vivo Tumor Imaging and Synergistic Chem\/Photothermal Treatments of Cancer Cells","volume":"430","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-025-01735-y","article-title":"Refining Single\u2010Atom Catalytic Kinetics for Tumor Homologous\u2010Targeted Catalytic Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Liu H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano\u2010Micro Letters"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25209","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA05342B","article-title":"Dual Enzyme\u2010Like Activity of Iridium Nanoparticles and Their Applications for the Detection of Glucose and Glutathione","volume":"10","author":"Wang Q.","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120706","article-title":"Multi\u2010Enzyme Mimetic Ultrasmall Iridium Nanozymes as Reactive Oxygen\/Nitrogen Species Scavengers for Acute Kidney Injury Management","volume":"271","author":"Zhang D.\u2010Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2018.02.006","article-title":"Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes for Life Science","volume":"363","author":"Caporale C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213267","article-title":"Recent Advances of Iridium(III) Metallophosphors for Health\u2010Related Applications","volume":"413","author":"Ho P. 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