{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T08:45:31Z","timestamp":1791794731957,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small Methods"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article presents a correlative analytical strategy for studying nanoparticle\u2013microbe interactions. Understanding the intracellular transformations of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) provides critical insights into their antimicrobial mechanisms and informs the design of safe, durable antimicrobial materials. Conventional analytical techniques, however, are limited in their ability to simultaneously capture nanoscale morphological changes and the chemical\u2010state evolution of nanoparticles within microbial cells. To address this, a strategy integrating high\u2010resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR\u2010SEM) with sputtering\u2010enabled intracellular x\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SEI\u2010XPS) was developed, enabling depth\u2010resolved, chemically specific analysis of nanoparticle\u2013microbe interactions. Using AgNPs and PtNPs as model systems, their fate was investigated in one bacterium (\n                    <jats:italic>Arthrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.) and two phylogenetically distinct fungi (Alternaria obovoidea and\n                    <jats:italic>Cladosporium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.). SEM revealed rapid membrane disruption in bacteria and slower, species\u2010dependent structural impairment in fungi. SEI\u2010XPS demonstrated biologically induced oxidation of AgNPs, with increasing Ag(I) and higher\u2010order oxidized species correlating with exposure time and microbial damage, while PtNPs remained predominantly metallic, confirming an ion\u2010release\u2010independent antimicrobial mechanism. Depth profiling enabled direct chemical\u2010state mapping of intracellular nanoparticle residues, revealing persistent metallic cores for both AgNPs and PtNPs. This approach provides mechanistic insight inaccessible through conventional assays and establishes SEI\u2010XPS as powerful, laboratory\u2010based method for probing nanoparticle transformations in living microbial systems. The methodology also offers a framework for rational design of next\u2010generation antimicrobial coatings, including those intended for cultural heritage conservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.71119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:57:59Z","timestamp":1791791879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanistic Insights Into Noble Metal Nanoparticle Antimicrobial Activity through Correlative SEM\u2013SEI\u2010XPS Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3871-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Lamuraglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute of Technology  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice  Venice 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Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Menegazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice  Venice Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0296-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Sterflinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts Academy of Fine Arts  Wien Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Moglianetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Institute of Technology  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Technical University of Munich Department of Life Science Engineering  Freising 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