{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:15:28Z","timestamp":1791569728545,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC, 22308303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC, 22308303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12304029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52371248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52371248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515010905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515010905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230484376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230484376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L245020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L245020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small Structures"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid\u2010state Li metal batteries (SSLMBs) offer higher energy density and safety. However, they face significant challenges, particularly short circuits\u00a0caused by the growth of Li dendrites. The porosity of the electrolyte plays a crucial role in influencing Li\u2010ions transport, interfacial contact, mechanical strength, and volume energy density of batteries. This study investigates the effects of the electrolyte film porosity on the nucleation of Li metal and the formation of dendrites in sulfide\u2010based SSLMBs. Surprisingly, the findings reveal that increased electrolyte porosity enhances the electronic conductivity by several times. Density Functional Theory calculations on the surface\/bulk phase of electrolyte and the spacing between electrolyte particles indicate that increased surface exposure through porosity reduces the bandgap, enhancing electronic conductivity and thereby facilitating the formation of Li dendrites. The electrochemical simulation results demonstrate that pores create a non\u2010uniform distribution of Li\u2010ion concentration, current density distribution, and the electric potential field on the collector and within the electrolyte. Experimental results demonstrate that the electrolyte film with lower porosity exhibits a higher limiting current and superior electrochemical performance. This study contributes to understanding the effect of electrolyte porosity and provides valuable insights for designing high\u2010performance SSLMBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202500172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T14:54:33Z","timestamp":1751208873000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Unveiling the Impact of Porosity on Electrolyte Electronic Conduction and Electric Potential Field in Sulfide\u2010Based Solid\u2010State Lithium Metal Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of All\u2010Solid\u2010State Battery Eastern Institute of Technology  Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo Zhejiang 315200 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaifa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoLong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaike","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biwei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of All\u2010Solid\u2010State Battery Eastern Institute of Technology  Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo Zhejiang 315200 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7351-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huangshan University  Huangshan Anhui 245041 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7907-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of All\u2010Solid\u2010State Battery Eastern Institute of Technology  Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo Zhejiang 315200 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1605-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangqian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0374-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of All\u2010Solid\u2010State Battery Eastern Institute of Technology  Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo Zhejiang 315200 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8630-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changtai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Power Battery Innovation Center GRINM Group Co. Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"Solid State Batteries Research Center GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology  Foshan Guangdong 528051 P. R. China"},{"name":"China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co., Ltd.  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"},{"name":"General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals  Beijing 100088 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202307370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ee00382a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2023.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202307768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0312-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-022-00167-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.1c07314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2023.102918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE00822G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4431-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40609-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-024-00212-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201800933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-022-00176-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201901433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2023.102958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2022.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-022-00147-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2023.119231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c02681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2024.100266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45613-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.112056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2022.100087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202402064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c01360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202303229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-023-01426-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202400202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31635\/renewables.024.202400056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c00720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b00249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202203509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.05.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202102151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36792-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c01266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","author":"Sang J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c03047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202102148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.59.1758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865"}],"container-title":["Small Structures"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sstr.202500172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:18:21Z","timestamp":1757420301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sstr.202500172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sstr.202500172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sstr.202500172","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2688-4062","2688-4062"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-4062","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-4062","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"article-number":"2500172"}}