{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:22:03Z","timestamp":1760782923853},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,18]],"date-time":"2006-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1155859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6438,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Surgical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Axillary metastasis in breast cancer is a time\u2010dependent phenomenon that varies greatly from tumour to tumour. It is discussed in relation to tumour diameter and the growth rate of the tumour cells. It parallels the former but is not directly related to either. A tumour age coefficient (Tac) is presented that demonstrates this lack of interrelationship. Tumour growth in the axillary nodes is progressive and in general mimics the potential tumour load elsewhere in the body. Qualitative rather than quantitative assessment is needed. This can be provided by simple means, using hilar nodal sections from standardised nodal samples. There is, however, as yet no definitive method of predicting the presence\/absence of occult distant metastatic spread in either node\u2010negative or node\u2010positive cases. Treatment is thus based on statistical probability, which may or may not be relevant in the individual case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ssu.2980050209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,22]],"date-time":"2007-02-22T05:40:19Z","timestamp":1172122819000},"page":"126-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Axillary metastasis in breast cancer: When, how, and why?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Flora","family":"Hartveit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1929.02700290018005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer","author":"Bloom HJG","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Metastatic Tumor Growth","author":"Wheelock EF","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"204","volume-title":"An International Survey of Distributions of Histologic Types of Breast Cancer","author":"Stalsberg H","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"The International Classification of Tumours","author":"Scarff RW","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90574-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1982.tb02727.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990010408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1982.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"A prognostic index based on the mean nuclear area of breast cancer cells and efferent vascular invasion in the axillary nodes","volume":"6","author":"Maehle BO","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diagn Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196911)24:5<1071::AID-CNCR2820240533>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850715)56:2<374::AID-CNCR2820560229>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Prognosis in node\u2010negative breast cancer patients; the importance of tumour diameter and mean nuclear area","volume":"14","author":"Maehle BO","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Studien \u00fcber die Spezificitat, den Altruismus und die Anaplasie der Zellen","author":"Hansemann D","year":"1893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192102000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"453","article-title":"Varying degrees of malignancy in cancer of the breast","volume":"9","author":"Greenough RB","year":"1924","journal-title":"J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Tumours of the Breast","author":"Cheatle GL","year":"1931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197507)36:1<1::AID-CNCR2820360102>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Breast Cancer Management\u2014Early and Late","author":"Baum M","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Breast Cancer Management\u2014Early and Late","author":"Fisher B","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"380","volume-title":"The Natural History of Breast Carcinoma","author":"Haagensen CD","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Breast Cancer: Diagnosis and Management","author":"Silvestrini R","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"988","article-title":"Observations on growth rates of human tumours","volume":"76","author":"Collins VP","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195807\/08)11:4<726::AID-CNCR2820110408>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196911)24:5<960::AID-CNCR2820240515>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6571-0_5","volume-title":"Breast Cancer. 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