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Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) triggered by donor-derived T lymphocytes against the recipient tissues is another serious obstacle in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several laboratories have tested the possibility of promoting antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance for therapy of graft rejection, GVHD, and autoimmune disorders, by developing methodologies that mimic the mechanisms by which the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance in the steady state. It has been long recognized that the silent clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis exerts potent immune-regulatory effects and provides apoptotic cell-derived Ags to those Ag-presenting cells (APCs) that internalize them, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, in situ-targeting of recipient APCs by systemic administration of leukocytes in early apoptosis and bearing donor Ags represents a relatively simple approach to control the antidonor response against allografts. Here, we review the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells are silently cleared by phagocytes, and how such phenomenon leads to down-regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the evolution of apoptotic cell-based therapies from murine models of organ\/tissue transplantation and GVHD, to clinical trials. We make emphasis on potential limitations and areas of concern of apoptotic cell-based therapies, and on how other immune-suppressive therapies used in the clinics or tested experimentally likely also function through the silent clearance of apoptotic cells by the immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T13:49:44Z","timestamp":1455198584000},"page":"1142-1150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Concise Review: Mechanisms Behind Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies Against Transplant Rejection and Graft versus Host Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Adrian E.","family":"Morelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery&gt;, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana T.","family":"Larregina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA"},{"name":"McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010809591868200_stem2326-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.03.005","article-title":"Apoptotic cell removal in development and tissue 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