{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:52:58Z","timestamp":1793033578682,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"The Rosetrees Trust and BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/F017553\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/F017553\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are neural crest-derived ecto-mesenchymal stem cells that can relatively easily and non-invasively be isolated from the dental pulp of extracted postnatal and adult teeth. Accumulating evidence suggests that DPSC have great promise as a cellular therapy for central nervous system (CNS) and retinal injury and disease. The mode of action by which DPSC confer therapeutic benefit may comprise multiple pathways, in particular, paracrine-mediated processes which involve a wide array of secreted trophic factors and is increasingly regarded as the principal predominant mechanism. In this concise review, we present the current evidence for the use of DPSC to repair CNS damage, including recent findings on retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and regeneration in optic nerve injury and glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T10:29:52Z","timestamp":1465295392000},"page":"61-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Concise Review: Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Novel Cell Therapy for Retinal and Central Nervous System Repair"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Mead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a School of Dentistry, Oral Biology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"},{"name":"b Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Leadbeater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben A.","family":"Scheven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a School of Dentistry, Oral Biology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.8.1671","article-title":"Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Chai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240309797","article-title":"Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo","volume":"97","author":"Gronthos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100806","article-title":"Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells","volume":"81","author":"Gronthos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509340867","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: Their biology and role in regenerative medicine","volume":"88","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.08.010","article-title":"Characterisation of dental pulp stem cells: A new horizon for tissue regeneration?","volume":"57","author":"Kawashima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.52.541","article-title":"Dental follicle stem cells and tissue engineering","volume":"52","author":"Honda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0937635100","article-title":"SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth","volume":"100","author":"Miura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.02.014","article-title":"Comparative characterization of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stem cells","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.11.021","article-title":"Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Sonoyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16627-0","article-title":"Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament","volume":"364","author":"Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-014-0601-y","article-title":"A comparison of the in vitro mineralisation and dentinogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and dental pulp","volume":"33","author":"Davies","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0012","first-page":"80","article-title":"Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Sakai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0013","first-page":"147","article-title":"Regeneration of axons in the visual system","volume":"26","author":"Berry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1290-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells secretome: A new paradigm for central nervous system regeneration?","volume":"70","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.158352","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy as a potential treatment in neurodegenerative disorders: Is the escape from senescence an answer?","volume":"10","author":"Castorina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2015.02.003","article-title":"Stem cells for treatment of degenerative eye disease","volume":"14","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.153681","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for neuroprotection and axon regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0979","article-title":"Adult human dental pulp stem cells differentiate toward functionally active neurons under appropriate environmental cues","volume":"26","author":"Arthur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.03.017","article-title":"Simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functionally active neurons","volume":"55","author":"Kiraly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.01.006","article-title":"Integration of neuronally predifferentiated human dental pulp stem cells into rat brain in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Kiraly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4236\/scd.2012.23013","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells differentiate into neural precursors but not into mature functional neurons","author":"Aanismaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Discovery"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12861-015-0065-x","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs): Isolation, enrichment and comparative differentiation of two sub-populations","volume":"15","author":"Pisciotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9313","article-title":"Blood-derived human iPS cells generate optic vesicle-like structures with the capacity to form retinal laminae and develop synapses","volume":"53","author":"Philips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.05.009","article-title":"Self-formation of optic cups and storable stratified neural retina from human ESCs","volume":"10","author":"Nakano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7544","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13045","article-title":"Intravitreally transplanted dental pulp stem cells promote neuroprotection and axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve injury","volume":"54","author":"Mead","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109305","article-title":"Paracrine-mediated neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised retinal ganglion cells by human dental pulp stem cells: Comparison with human bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Mead","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0400","article-title":"Dental pulp cells produce neurotrophic factors, interact with trigeminal neurons in vitro, and rescue motoneurons after spinal cord injury","volume":"238","author":"Nosrat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.138","article-title":"Implanted adult human dental pulp stem cells induce endogenous axon guidance","volume":"27","author":"Arthur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0285","article-title":"Putative dental pulp-derived stem\/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0030","first-page":"177","article-title":"Human adult dental pulp stem cells enhance post stroke functional recovery through non-neural replacement mechanisms. Stem Cells","volume":"1","author":"Leong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans Med"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066748","article-title":"Intraventricular injection of human dental pulp stem cells improves hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.676759","article-title":"Human dental pulp-derived stem cells protect against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice","volume":"44","author":"Yamagata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0135-3","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of dental pulp cells in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease","volume":"116","author":"Apel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0258","article-title":"Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-243980","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells can differentiate into Schwann cells and promote and guide neurite outgrowth in an aligned tissue-engineered collagen construct in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Martens","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0036","first-page":"1794","article-title":"Transplantation of undifferentiated and induced human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived stem cells promote functional recovery of rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Stem Cells","volume":"21","author":"Taghipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008763","article-title":"Generation, purification and transplantation of photoreceptors derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Lamba","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05161","article-title":"Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors","volume":"444","author":"MacLaren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.09.023","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells respond to cues from the rat retina and differentiate to express the retinal neuronal marker rhodopsin","volume":"280","author":"Bray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.069","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cells differentiation into retinal ganglion-like cells in a three dimensional network","volume":"457","author":"Roozafzoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4509","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucoma","volume":"51","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.12.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-mediated neuroprotection and functional preservation of retinal ganglion cells in a rodent model of glaucoma","volume":"18","author":"Mead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12027","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cells and regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Nakashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endod Topics"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.05.011","article-title":"Regulation of the stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-CXCR4 axis in human dental pulp cells","volume":"36","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0045","first-page":"3292","article-title":"Encapsulated cell-based delivery of CNTF reduces photoreceptor degeneration in animal models of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"43","author":"Tao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600236103","article-title":"Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: Phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants","volume":"103","author":"Sieving","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022010902100002000_stem2398-bib-0047","first-page":"487","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after optic nerve damage in the adult rat","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Interven Aging"}],"container-title":["Stem Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fstem.2398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fstem.2398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/stem.2398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/stem.2398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/stmcls\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/61\/42020489\/stmcls_35_1_61.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/stmcls\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/61\/42020489\/stmcls_35_1_61.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T02:58:19Z","timestamp":1642561099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/stmcls\/article\/35\/1\/61-67\/6421089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/stem.2398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-5099","1549-4918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-5099","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-4918","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]}}}