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There is also preclinical evidence that MSC may be effective in treating sepsis-induced organ failure, including evidence that MSC have antimicrobial properties. This review considers preclinical studies with direct relevance to organ failure following trauma, sepsis or major infections that apply to critically ill patients. Progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of benefit, including MSC release of paracrine factors, transfer of mitochondria, and elaboration of exosomes and microvesicles. Regardless of how well they are designed, preclinical studies have limitations in modeling the complexity of clinical syndromes, especially in patients who are critically ill. In order to facilitate translation of the preclinical studies of MSC to critically ill patients, there will need to be more standardization regarding MSC production with a focus on culture methods and cell characterization. Finally, well designed clinical trials will be needed in critically ill patient to assess safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,26]],"date-time":"2016-11-26T09:09:29Z","timestamp":1480151369000},"page":"316-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem (Stromal) Cells: Biology and Preclinical Evidence for Therapeutic Potential for Organ Dysfunction Following Trauma or Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Matthay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibani","family":"Pati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010902100444200_stem2551-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000482","article-title":"Cellular therapies in trauma and critical care medicine: Forging new frontiers","volume":"44","author":"Pati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2022010902100444200_stem2551-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000600","article-title":"A controlled resuscitation strategy is feasible and safe in hypotensive trauma patients: Results of a prospective randomized pilot trial","volume":"78","author":"Schreiber","year":"2015","journal-title":". 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