{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:47:44Z","timestamp":1789991264882,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1497,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011377","name":"International Glaucoma Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020424","name":"Cambridge Eye Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018463","name":"Jukes Glaucoma Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009982","name":"Humane Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Optic neuropathies such as glaucoma occur when retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye are injured. Strong evidence suggests mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be a potential therapy to protect RGCs; however, little is known regarding their effect on the human retina. We, therefore, investigated if human MSCs (hMSCs), or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) as produced by hMSC, could delay RGC death in a human retinal explant model of optic nerve injury. Our results showed hMSCs and the secreted growth factor PDGF-AB could substantially reduce human RGC loss and apoptosis following axotomy. The neuroprotective pathways AKT, ERK, and STAT3 were activated in the retina shortly after treatments with labeling seen in the RGC layer. A dose dependent protective effect of PDGF-AB was observed in human retinal explants but protection was not as substantial as that achieved by culturing hMSCs on the retina surface which resulted in RGC cell counts similar to those immediately post dissection. These results demonstrate that hMSCs and PDGF have strong neuroprotective action on human RGCs and may offer a translatable, therapeutic strategy to reduce degenerative visual loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T08:34:43Z","timestamp":1508229283000},"page":"65-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on Human Retinal Ganglion Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5649-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Osborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Eye Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.03.231","article-title":"Effects of bone marrow stromal cell injection in an experimental glaucoma model","volume":"344","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.12.028","article-title":"Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells are neuroprotective and promote regeneration in a rat optic tract model","volume":"216","author":"Zwart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4509","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucoma","volume":"51","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0004","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect against retinal ganglion cell loss in aged rats with glaucoma","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110722","article-title":"Distribution of mesenchymal stem cells and effects on neuronal survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush and cell therapy","volume":"9","author":"Mesentier-Louro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2014.12.005","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of intravitreally transplanted adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental ocular hypertension model","volume":"17","author":"Emre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt292","article-title":"Identification of retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection conferred by platelet-derived growth factor through analysis of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome","volume":"137","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17864","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor preserves retinal synapses in a rat model of ocular hypertension","volume":"57","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413624111","article-title":"Comparison of the transcriptional landscapes between human and mouse tissues","volume":"111","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022022511591600400_stem2722-bib-0010","volume-title":"Vivisection or Science? 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