{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T08:25:10Z","timestamp":1759047910494},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,30]],"date-time":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synapse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of repeated administration of imipramine or mirtazapine, two antidepressant drugs with different mechanisms of action, was studied on the stress\u2010induced increase in the extracellular concentration of norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats. Exposure to footshock in control rats induced a marked increase in extracellular norepinephrine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex (+120%). Long\u2010term administration with imipramine or mirtazapine (10 mg\/kg, i.p., twice or once a day, respectively, for 14 days) reduced (+50%) the effect of stress on basal norepinephrine output. Acute administration of FG7142 (30 mg\/kg, i.p.), an anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, induced a marked increase in norepinephrine output (+90%) in control rats. In rats chronically treated with imipramine or mirtazapine this effect was completely antagonized. On the contrary, acute administration of these antidepressant drugs failed to reduce stress\u2010 and FG7142\u2010induced increase in norepinephrine output. The plastic changes in the sensitivity of norepinephrine neurons to footshock stress and drug\u2010induced anxiogenic stimuli may reveal a new important neuronal mechanism involved in the long\u2010term modulation of emotional state. This action might be relevant for the anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of antidepressant drugs. Synapse 43:70\u201377, 2002. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T16:19:04Z","timestamp":1030292344000},"page":"70-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Chronic treatment with imipramine or mirtazapine antagonizes stress\u2010 and FG7142\u2010induced increase in cortical norepinephrine output in freely moving rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Dazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Ladu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Spiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Rivano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Pira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Biggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90192-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02462.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00140-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3451-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90168-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(22)00276-6","article-title":"Practical psychopharmacologic considerations in depression","volume":"26","author":"Brasfield KH","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nurs Clin N Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199605)23:1<28::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00889-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Forebrain norepinephrine: role in controlled information processing in the rat","volume":"7","author":"Cole BJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anxi.3070010302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.7.2072"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199713010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90076-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mirtazapine: other indications","volume":"60","author":"Falkai P","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00565-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n0705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63020575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65010111.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs","author":"Grimsley SR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.2.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(80)90058-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90260-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63805-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19890701-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs","author":"Laird LK","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245280"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"958","article-title":"Multiple alpha\u20102 adrenergic receptors subtypes. II. Evidence for a role of rat RAlpha\u20102A adrenergic receptors in the control of nociception, motor behavior and hippocampal synthesis of noradrenaline","volume":"270","author":"Millan MJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00982.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01568.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(96)00017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.19.7522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The functional anatomy, neurochemistry and pharmacology of anxiety","volume":"60","author":"Ninan PT","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6293059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-05-01478.1991","article-title":"Prior exposure to chronic stress results in enhanced synthesis and release of hippocampal norepinephrine in response to a novel stressor","volume":"11","author":"Nisenbaum LK","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Anxiety and depression: a common neurobiological substrate?","volume":"49","author":"Paul SM","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-547620-1.50007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.6.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.8.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90371-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90370-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress","author":"Robbins TW","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00040-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(90)90533-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.51.1.36","article-title":"Genetic alteration of \u03b12C\u2010adrenoceptor expression in mice: influence on locomotor, hypothermic, and neuronal effect of dexmedetomidine, a subtype\u2010nonselective \u03b12\u2010adrenoceptor agonist","volume":"51","author":"Sallinen J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90158-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Current concepts in the treatment of panic disorder","volume":"60","author":"Sheehan DV","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.19.8788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03674.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960812)372:1<111::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(99)00261-0"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Mirtazapine versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"60","author":"Thompson C","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"833","article-title":"Antidepressant actions on brain noradrenergic neurons","volume":"253","author":"Valentino RJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80194-0"}],"container-title":["Synapse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsyn.10024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/syn.10024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T14:44:30Z","timestamp":1697208270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/syn.10024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/syn.10024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/syn.10024","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-4476","1098-2396"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-4476","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2396","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,30]]}}}