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Pathophysiological changes in drug responsiveness as well as behavioral sequelae of chronic drug exposure are thought to depend largely upon the altered state of heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein)\u2010coupled receptor (GPCR)\u2010G protein interactions. Responsiveness of GPCR\u2010related intracellular signaling systems to drugs of abuse is heterogeneous, depending on the types of intracellular effectors to which the specific G\u03b1 protein subtypes are coupled and GPCR\u2010G protein coupling efficiency, factors influenced by the class of drug, expression levels of G protein subunits, and drug treatment regimens. To enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of pathophysiological states resulting from chronic intake of abused drugs, this review focuses on alterations in the expression levels of G protein subunits induced by various drugs of abuse. Changes in these mechanisms appear to be specific to particular drugs of abuse, and specific conditions of drug treatment. Synapse 62:689\u2010699, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,24]],"date-time":"2008-06-24T17:56:24Z","timestamp":1214330184000},"page":"689-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Alterations in the levels of heterotrimeric G protein subunits induced by psychostimulants, opiates, barbiturates, and ethanol: Implications for drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Nobue","family":"Kitanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Kitanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. 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