{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:47:01Z","timestamp":1789685221238,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,9]],"date-time":"2009-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synapse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tobacco dependence is highly prevalent in depressed patients. We assessed changes in [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010raclopride binding potential (BP) using positron emission tomography (PET) before and after the oral administration of <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine in healthy controls and unmedicated patients with current depression with and without current tobacco dependence. Over a single study day 2 [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010raclopride positron emission tomography scans were taken in 38 subjects: at baseline and 2 h following oral <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine 30 mg. Twenty controls (9 smokers, 11 nonsmokers) and 18 subjects with current major depressive episode (8 smokers, 10 non\u2010smokers). Striatal [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010raclopride binding potential was measured before and after <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine administration. Depressed smokers had a lower baseline [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010raclopride binding potential compared with both control non\u2010smokers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.007) and depressed non\u2010smokers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). There was a main effect of smoking status on amphetamine\u2010induced change in [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010raclopride binding potential (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.02), but no main effect of depression. This may be due to a floor effect because of the low BP at baseline. Depressed subjects reported significant increase of positive mood after <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine administration compared with controls (depressed smokers vs. control smokers: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05; depressed non\u2010smokers vs. controls: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.055). Tobacco dependence appears to decrease <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2010amphetamine\u2010induced changes in [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010raclopride binding potential as measured by positron emission tomography. Comorbid major depression and tobacco dependence exacerbates this effect, suggesting an altered dopamine system in comorbid patients. Synapse 63:681\u2013689, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,9]],"date-time":"2009-04-09T23:42:08Z","timestamp":1239320528000},"page":"681-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Dopaminergic activity in depressed smokers: A positron emission tomography study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Usoa 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