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In the present study, adult Fischer 344 rats were subjected to chronic social defeat for 4 weeks. Dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase expressional levels in the locus coeruleus and its terminal regions were measured by in situ hybridization and western blotting. The results showed that immediately following chronic social defeat there are significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus, and dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase protein levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdala, compared with those in the control. This chronic social defeat\u2010induced upregulation of dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase was completely abolished by adrenalectomy, and\/or by treatment with corticosteroid receptor antagonists, mifepristone and spironolactone, either alone or in combination. Furthermore, treatment with desipramine, an antidepressant with specific inhibitory effects on norepinephrine transport, prevented an increased dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase expression by chronic social defeat in the locus coeruleus and its main terminal regions such as the hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdala. However, treatment with fluoxetine, an antidepressant with specific inhibition for serotonin transport, only selectively blocked increased dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase protein levels in the hippocampus caused by CSD. The present findings indicate that chronic social defeat activates the locus coeruleus\u2010norepinephrine system by upregulating the expression of dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase, which may increase norepinephrine synthesis. This chronic social defeat induced upregulation of DBH expression was mediated through corticosterone and corticosteroid receptors, with possible interference from antidepressants. Synapse, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]],"date-time":"2013-02-07T12:47:14Z","timestamp":1360241234000},"page":"300-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Effects of chronic social defeat on expression of dopamine \u03b2\u2010hydroxylase in rat brains"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee"},{"name":"The Laboratory of Developmental Epigenetics School of Life Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai 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