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These neurons are also the most peripheral elements to use action potentials (spikes) to encode the acoustic information. Here, we review what is known about the spiking of ANFs during spontaneous activity, when spike timing might be regarded as largely random, and during stimulation by low\u2010frequency sounds, when spikes are phase locked to the stimulus waveform, a phenomenon generally considered a hallmark of temporal precision and speed in the auditory system. We focus on mammals, in which each ANF is driven by a single ribbon synapse in a single receptor cell, but also cover relevant research on ANFs of vertebrates from other classes. For spontaneous activity, we highlight several spike\u2010history effects in interspike interval distributions, hazard\u2010rate functions, serial interval correlations, and spike\u2010count statistics. We also review models that have attempted to account for these properties. For phase locking, we focus on the responses to low\u2010frequency tones, rather than to low\u2010frequency components of broadband signals such as noise or clicks. We critically review the measures commonly used to quantify phase locking and urge caution when interpreting such measures with respect to spike\u2010timing precision. We also review the dependence of phase locking on stimulus amplitude and frequency. Finally, we identify some open questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T14:11:36Z","timestamp":1469715096000},"page":"5-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Spike timing in auditory\u2010nerve fibers during spontaneous activity and phase locking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Heil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Physiology of Learning Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg 39118 Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Physiology of Learning Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg 39118 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2948-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Evoked electrical activity in the auditory nervous system","author":"Antoli\u2010Candela E. 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