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Currently, a satisfactory therapeutic treatment promoting the repair of injured nerves is not available. As shown in our previous study, acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) implanted with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) replaced allografts and promoted nerve regeneration. Additionally, granulocyte\u2010colony stimulating factor (G\u2010CSF) has been proven to mobilize supplemental cells and enhance vascularization in the niche. Thus, the study aimed to explore whether the combination of G\u2010CSF and BMSC\u2010laden ANX exhibited a synergistic effect. Adult Sprague\u2010Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: ANX group, ANX combined with G\u2010CSF group, BMSCs\u2010laden ANX group, BMSCs\u2010laden ANX combined with G\u2010CSF group and autograft group. Electrophysiological parameters and weight ratios of tibialis anterior muscles were detected at 8 weeks post\u2010transplantation. The morphology of the regenerated nerves was assayed, and growth\u2010promoting factors present in the nerve grafts following G\u2010CSF administration or BMSCs seeding were also investigated. Nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation induced by the combination therapy were significantly advanced, and the rehabilitation efficacy was comparable with autografting. Moreover, the expression of Schwann cell markers, neurotrophic factors and neovessel markers in the nerve grafts was substantially increased. In conclusion, G\u2010CSF administration and BMSCs transplantation synergistically promoted the regeneration of ANX\u2010bridged nerves, which offers a superior strategy to replace autografts in repairing peripheral nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,19]],"date-time":"2017-03-19T05:59:10Z","timestamp":1489903150000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Synergistic effects of G\u2010CSF and bone marrow stromal cells on nerve regeneration with acellular nerve xenografts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan 750004 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