{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:16:04Z","timestamp":1753870564301,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute (NEI)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 EY-019051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY-019051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synapse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhibition mediated by horizontal and amacrine cells in the outer and inner retina, respectively, are fundamental components of visual processing. Here, our purpose was to determine how these different inhibitory processes affect glutamate release from ON bipolar cells when the retina is stimulated with full\u2010field light of various intensities. Light\u2010evoked membrane potential changes (\u0394<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>) were recorded directly from axon terminals of intact bipolar cells receiving mixed rod and cone inputs (Mbs) in slices of dark\u2010adapted goldfish retina. Inner and outer retinal inhibition to Mbs was blocked with bath applied picrotoxin (PTX) and NBQX, respectively. Then, control and pharmacologically modified light responses were injected into axotomized Mb terminals as command potentials to induce voltage\u2010gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx (<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Ca<\/jats:sup>) and consequent glutamate release. Stimulus\u2010evoked glutamate release was quantified by the increase in membrane capacitance (\u0394<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>). Increasing depolarization of Mb terminals upon removal of inner and outer retinal inhibition enhanced the \u0394<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Ca<\/jats:sup>ratio equally at a given light intensity and inhibition did not alter the overall relation between<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Ca<\/jats:sup>and \u0394<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>. However, relative to control, light responses recorded in the presence of PTX and PTX\u2009+\u2009NBQX increased \u0394<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>unevenly across different stimulus intensities: at dim stimulus intensities predominantly the inner retinal GABAergic inhibition controlled release from Mbs, whereas the inner and outer retinal inhibition affected release equally in response to bright stimuli. Furthermore, our results suggest that non\u2010linear relationship between<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>Ca<\/jats:sup>and glutamate release can influence the efficacy of inner and outer retinal inhibitory pathways to mediate Mb output at different light intensities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T16:27:28Z","timestamp":1516724848000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying the effect of light activated outer and inner retinal inhibitory pathways on glutamate release from mixed bipolar cells."],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Mikhail Y","family":"Lipin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University, 1617 Campus Delivery Fort Collins Colorado 80523\u20101617"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozsef","family":"Vigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University, 1617 Campus Delivery Fort Collins Colorado 80523\u20101617"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.169656"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.024877"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09298.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.571ba.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00565-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012233"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90881.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/3714"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2017.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2735-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523810000209"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"507","article-title":"Retinal bipolar cells: Elementary building blocks of vision Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision","volume":"15","author":"Euler T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006090"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-13-04852.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21394"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s004249900173","article-title":"Admittance\u2010based measurement of membrane capacitance using the EPC\u20109 patch\u2010clamp amplifier","volume":"439","author":"Gillis K. D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archives European Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06309.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523811000241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00017.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10220"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/371513a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200308863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1386-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00364.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5645-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.6.1837"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901910302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2631-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02451.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90101-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.115.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05661.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1953.16.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.3.936"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-06-02156.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00378.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-02-00152.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20001002)425:4<560::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902560310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5252-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.219bf.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80254-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.181ad.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2945"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01010.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.105205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-12-04831.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13459.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80884-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00193.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.78.5.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0055m.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800174103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(99)00003-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.10.3501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.253179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805223076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0403-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800000730"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800172025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2792-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.79.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90198-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1793"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10249.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00142-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0547-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2959-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2203-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252389916111X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5456.1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.61.1.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80634-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1090-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.63.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)08741-3","article-title":"Antagonist Pharmacology of Kainate\u2010 and a\u2010Amino\u20103\u2010hydroxy\u20105\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010isoxazolepropionic Acid\u2010Preferring Receptors","volume":"49","author":"Wilding T. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00270.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90313-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902800103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523898151064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00688.2006"}],"container-title":["Synapse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsyn.22028","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/syn.22028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T23:55:26Z","timestamp":1751241326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/syn.22028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/syn.22028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/syn.22028","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-4476","1098-2396"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0887-4476"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-2396"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"article-number":"e22028"}}