{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T08:24:09Z","timestamp":1768724649006,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]],"date-time":"2019-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Synapse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The neurotransmitter dopamine is present in the retina and is involved in several modulatory functions. Unlike in rodents, dopamine D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> receptors are expressed in the retina of humans. Recently, uptake of the D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> receptor\u2010preferring radiotracer [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO has been observed in a retina\u2010like region of interest (ROI) in humans. Here, we attempted to quantify [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO uptake into this ROI using an independent sample, employing an extended scan acquisition time (120\u00a0min) and arterial kinetic modeling. Data from 14 healthy controls were analyzed (Mean Age: 38.41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.55, 3 female), 8 of which provided arterial line input function data (Mean Age: 41.07\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.82, 3 female). Using Ichise's multilinear analysis (MA1) method, it was possible to quantify the volume of distribution (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>) of [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO in this retina\u2010like region (Mean <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a013.56\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.52; Mean <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a02.08\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.20). Notably, the shape of the time activity curve resembled closely that of the globus pallidus. Moreover, the <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub> values in the retina correlated well with binding potential (<jats:italic>BP<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>) values calculated using the simplified reference tissue model (Mean <jats:italic>BP<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a02.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0.94; Mean <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a05.76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.56), employing the cerebellum as the reference region (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.76, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a0.58). In summary, we provide evidence that the in vivo uptake of [<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO into a retina\u2010like ROI in humans can be quantified using both arterial blood sampling (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>) and simplified reference tissue methods (<jats:italic>BP<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T22:16:26Z","timestamp":1569449786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Further in vivo characterization of [<sup>11<\/sup>C]\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO uptake into a retina\u2010like region of interest in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Caravaggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Worhunsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Graff\u2010Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Matuskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006157"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.182147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"3281","volume-title":"Design of a motion\u2010compensation OSEM list\u2010mode algorithm for resolution\u2010recovery reconstruction of the HRRT","author":"Carson R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.12093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90390-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(92)90166-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9914-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-015-0210-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21535"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.132928","article-title":"Parametric imaging and test\u2010retest variability of (1)(1)C\u2010(+)\u2010PHNO binding to D(2)\/D(3) dopamine receptors in humans on the high\u2010resolution research tomograph PET scanner","volume":"55","author":"Gallezot J. 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