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The results show that DAMGO dose\u2010dependently increased electrochemical signals both in NAcc and PFC within a few minutes of injection. While DAMGO elicited signal increases of comparable amplitudes in both regions, the increases recorded in PFC were significantly longer lasting than those in NAcc; at the highest dose tested (1.0 nmol), DAMGO produced signal increases that lasted (mean \u00b1 sem) 129 \u00b1 7.3 min in PFC and 96 \u00b1 12.5 min in NAcc. Pretreatment with the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (2 mgkg, sc), significantly attenuated the peak amplitude and reduced the duration of DAMGO\u2010in\u2010 duced (0.1 nmol) signal increases both in PFC and NAcc. In contrast, pretreatment with apomorphine (50 \u03bcg\/kg, sc), a D1\/D2 DA receptor agonist, significantly reduced the duration and the rate of rise of the signal increases in both regions but had little effect on the peak increases in signal. Unilateral ventral tegmental DAMGO administration (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 nmol) also caused dose\u2010dependent increases in contraversive circling the duration of which approximated that of the signal increases recorded in NAcc. However, differences in the time courses of DAMGO\u2010induced contraversive circling and signal increases in NAcc suggest that the behavioral stimulant effect of ventral tegmental \u03bc\u2010opioid receptor activation may not be mediated exclusively by meso\u2010NAcc DA neurons. The results of this study suggest that enkephalins modulate the activity of meso\u2010PFC DA neurons and that behaviorally relevant activation of \u03bc\u2010opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area increases DA transmission in PFC to a same, if not to a greater extent as in NAcc. These findings are discussed in relation to evidence indicating that the response of meso\u2010NAcc DA neurons to a variety of stimuli, including drugs of abuse, is indirectly regulated by a DA\u2010sensitive neurons in PFC. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890210204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T22:26:00Z","timestamp":1104531960000},"page":"110-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Electrochemical evidence of increased dopamine transmission in prefkontal cortex and nucleus accumbens elicited by ventral tegmental \u03bc\u2010opioid receptor activation in freely behaving rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Miriam Beth","family":"Noel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Gratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Neuroanatomical sites mediating the motivational effects of opioids as mapped by the conditioned place preference paradigm in rats","volume":"264","author":"Bals\u2010Kubik R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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