{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:18:17Z","timestamp":1772770697755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,9]],"date-time":"2005-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4634,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratog Carcinog Mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential mechanisms of trichloroethylene\u2010induced developmental toxicity were evaluated using FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay\u2014<jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>). Early <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> embryos were exposed to trichloroethylene for 96 h in two separate definitive concentration\u2010response assays with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system (MAS) and inhibited MAS. The MAS was treated with either carbon monoxide or cyclohexene oxide to modulate mixed\u2010function oxidase (MFO) or epoxide hydrolase activity, respectively. Trichloroethylene metabolites: dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, and oxalic acid were also evaluated in two separate definitive, static renewal tests. Addition of the MAS decreased the 96 h LC50 and EC50 (malformation) of trichloroethylene 1.8\u2010fold and 3.8\u2010fold, respectively. Addition of the carbon monoxide inhibited MAS decreased the developmental toxicity of activated trichloroethylene to levels approximating that of the parent compound. Cyclohexene oxide\u2010inhibited MAS substantially increased the developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene. In addition, each of the metabolites tested were significantly less developmental toxic than the parent compound, trichloroethylene. Results indicate that a highly embryotoxic epoxide intermediate, trichloroethylene oxide, formed as the results of MFO mediated metabolism may play a significant role in the developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene in vitro. \u00a91993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770130105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T12:27:33Z","timestamp":1139056053000},"page":"35-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene and detoxification metabolites using <i>Xenopus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Fort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enos L.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Rayburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mendi","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Bantle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Trichloroethylene: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans 20 Lyon France 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"USEPA:Health Assessment Document for Trichloroethylene. EPA 600\/8\u201082\/006F Final Report. Research Triangle Park North Carolina 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448909037475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/10408447609164019","article-title":"Chemical reactivity, biotransformation, and toxicity of polychlorinated aliphatic compounds","volume":"10","author":"Bonse G","year":"1976","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(79)90251-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3611-2_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770080502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550090603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480549109017873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770080603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(90)90297-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770100605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FortDJ RayburnJR BantleJA: Evaluation of acetaminophen\u2010induced developmental toxicity using FETAX.Drug Chem Toxicol in press 1992.","DOI":"10.3109\/01480549209014161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(72)90021-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"412","article-title":"The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction","volume":"55","author":"Nash T","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550070403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"Normal Tables of Xenopus laevis (Daudin)","author":"Nieuwkoop PD","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Manual of Pharmacological Calculations with Computer Programs","author":"Tallarida RJ","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","volume-title":"Statistical Method in Biological Assay","author":"Finney DJ","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10915818409018028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90197-0","article-title":"The effect of maternally inhaled trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, methyl chloroform and methylene chloride on embryo and fetal development in mice and rats","volume":"32","author":"Schwetz B","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmocal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","unstructured":"USEPA:Teratogenic study via inhalation with trichlor 132 trichloroethylene in albino mice. EPA 600\/8\u201082\u2010006 Washington DC 1972."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"BelilesRP BrusickDJ MeclerFJ:Teratogenic mutagenic risk of workplace contaminants: trichloroethylene perchloroethylene and carbon disulfide. US Department of Health Education and Welfare Report No. 210\u201077\u20100047 1980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(79)90061-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.3.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(84)90076-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"64a","article-title":"Trichloroethylene: a teratogen in developing chick embryos","volume":"35","author":"Loeber CP","year":"1987","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198812000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00534a041"}],"container-title":["Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftcm.1770130105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tcm.1770130105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T02:17:29Z","timestamp":1698200249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tcm.1770130105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tcm.1770130105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tcm.1770130105","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-3211","1520-6866"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6866","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}}}