{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:05:40Z","timestamp":1791169540109,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,9]],"date-time":"2005-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4269,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratog Carcinog Mutagen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was performed to determine whether malformations induced in <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> embryos by exposures to divalent nickel, cobalt, or cadmium chlorides in FETAX assays persist after the tadpoles undergo metamorphosis to juvenile frogs. Embryos were exposed for four days to EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> concentrations of Ni<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, or Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> under the standard conditions of FETAX assays; thereafter, the exposures were discontinued and the tadpoles were kept in aquaria through metamorphosis. Controls were treated similarly, without exposure to metals. At 13 weeks of age, surviving frogs were killed and examined for malformations. Control and metal\u2010exposed groups of <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> did not differ significantly in their median ages at metamorphosis, mean body weights, or survival at 13 weeks. Overall incidences of malformations found in Ni<jats:sup>2+\u2212<\/jats:sup>, Co<jats:sup>2+\u2212<\/jats:sup>, or Cd<jats:sup>2+\u2212<\/jats:sup>exposed frogs at 13 weeks of age were 55, 40, and 51%, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01 vs. 3% in controls). The malformations of metal\u2010exposed frogs included retinal depigmentation, diastematomyelia, scoliosis, kyphosis, phocomelia, sacro\u2010pelvic and hind\u2010limb deformities, and dysplasias of the heart, kidney, ovary, and gut. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770140305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1139016491000},"page":"135-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Malformations persist after metamorphosis of <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i> tadpoles exposed to Ni<sup>2+<\/sup>, Co<sup>2+<\/sup>, or Cd<sup>2+<\/sup> in FETAX assays"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marilyn C.","family":"Plowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Grbac\u2010lvankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney M.","family":"Hopfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"F. William","family":"Sunderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03032678"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770110204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"381","article-title":"Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of cadmium chloride in Xenopus laevis, assayed by the FETAX procedure","volume":"21","author":"Sunderman FW","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of Cu2+ and Zn2+ for Xenopus laevis\n                  Xenopus Llaevis, assayed by the FETAX procedure","volume":"23","author":"Luo SQ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Mg2+\u2010deprivation enhances and Mg2+\u2010supplementation diminishes the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ for frog embryos in the FETAX assay","volume":"23","author":"Luo SQ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"Ocular malformations in frogs (Xenopus laevis) exposed to nickel during embryogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Hauptman O","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3611-2_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770050306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550070403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480549009032286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Developmental Toxicology: Mechanisms and Risks","author":"Sabourin TD","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601238909372644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620100710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550120111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770130105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.104388"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770010210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9346-1_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin)","author":"Nieuwkoop PD","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology","author":"Luna LG","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Teratology, Principles and Techniques","author":"Chaube S","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Xenopus: The South African Clawed Frog","author":"Deuchar EM","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(84)90041-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"pNiXa, a Ni2+\u2010binding protein in Xenopus oocytes and embryos, shows identity to Ep45, an estrogen\u2010regulated hepatic serpin","volume":"77","author":"Beck BL","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","unstructured":"Grbac\u2010IvankovicS AntonijczukK VargheseAH PlowmanMC AntonijczukA KorzaG OzolsJ SundermanFWJr: The 31 kD Ni2+\u2010binding protein (pNiXb) inXenopusoocytes and embryos is lipovitellin 2\u03b2.Mol Reprod Dev(in press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"A408","article-title":"A Ni2+\u2010binding protein in Xenopus oocytes and embryos (pNiXc) has aldolase activity and sequence homology to human fructose bisphosphate aldolase A","volume":"7","author":"Antonijczuk K","year":"1993","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"A nickel\u2010binding serpin, pNiXa, induces maturation of Xenopus oocytes and shows synergism with oncogenic ras\u2010p21 protein","volume":"79","author":"Haspel J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftcm.1770140305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tcm.1770140305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T03:36:14Z","timestamp":1698118574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tcm.1770140305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tcm.1770140305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tcm.1770140305","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-3211","1520-6866"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6866","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}}}