{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:30:10Z","timestamp":1790263810672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Chemical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ammonia is a key chemical in the production of fertilizers, refrigeration and an emerging hydrogen\u2010carrying fuel. However, the Haber\u2010Bosch process, the industrial standard for centralized ammonia production, is energy\u2010intensive and indirectly generates significant carbon dioxide emissions. Electrochemical nitrogen reduction offers a promising alternative for green ammonia production. Yet, current reaction rates remain well below economically feasible targets. This work examines the application of electrochemical microfluidics for the enhancement of the rates of electrochemical ammonia synthesis. The review is built on the introduction to electrochemical microfluidics, corresponding cell designs, and the main applications of microfluidics in electrochemical energy conversion\/storage. Based on recent advances in electrochemical ammonia synthesis, with an emphasis on the critical role of robust experimental controls, electrochemical microfluidics represents a promising route to environmentally friendly, on\u2010site and on\u2010demand ammonia production. This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap between the disciplines of electrochemistry and microfluidics and promote interdisciplinary understanding and innovation in this transformative field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202400234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T08:14:52Z","timestamp":1738743292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microfluidics for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage: Prospects Toward Sustainable Ammonia Production"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9417-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ervin","family":"Rems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Chemistry National Institute of Chemistry  Hajdrihova 19 1001 Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ve\u010dna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5350-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Herceg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Chemistry National Institute of Chemistry  Hajdrihova 19 1001 Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ve\u010dna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9760-2229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desislava","family":"Yordanova Apostolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ve\u010dna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Dominko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Chemistry National Institute of Chemistry  Hajdrihova 19 1001 Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ve\u010dna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Alistore-European Research Institute CNRS FR 3104 Hub de l'Energie  Rue Baudelocque 80039 Amiens France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2477-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Primo\u017e","family":"Jovanovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Chemistry National Institute of Chemistry  Hajdrihova 19 1001 Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0714-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bostjan","family":"Genorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana  Ve\u010dna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Ammonia Technology Roadmap IEA Paris 2021 14\u2013 60."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c01614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c03685"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE02873K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-023-00321-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202001141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MA00590H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202200139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE03299C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202305616"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/je200878w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/je60032a036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4738"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SE00839K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36880-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202000758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE01884J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1753"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.09.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3346"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2003.11.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja020812q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja078248c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja054599k"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b02035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la0479307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2023.100765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE03698D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.01.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07599"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2022.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c00375"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02268C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3456590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1021414jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0741713jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE00219G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2023.101223"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","first-page":"88","volume":"54","author":"Girenko D. V.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA02550J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CP22271F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.481103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.1814"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9517(03)00156-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b06811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b00648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b06163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04213-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b20692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA10696H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c01568"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700336"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05758-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803498"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2018.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201800202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c02948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08120-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19300130604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(93)03025-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1993.851"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05108-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EE02716H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201701975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2371"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf4403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3IM00006K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcata.2023.100031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2022.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2024.100964"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19130-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.04.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00734"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA00155D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-019-0241-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.09.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b00487"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b07752"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202100251"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202101699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b02257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c00924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23360-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-020-0455-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02246B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00041E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE00953F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA01978C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309344"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anchem.111808.073718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.200600404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134904"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay3111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202300605"}],"container-title":["The Chemical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tcr.202400234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T07:47:46Z","timestamp":1750837666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tcr.202400234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tcr.202400234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tcr.202400234","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-8999","1528-0691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-8999","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-0691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202400234"}}