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The principles, technological advances, and clinical potential of key optical sensing modalities such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface\u2010enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), fluorescence, and interferometric sensors are critically reviewed. Although these methods have made important breakthroughs in label\u2010free detection, real\u2010time monitoring, and dimension reduction, many are limited by the requirement of controlled laboratory environments, complicated instrumentation, and high fabrication costs. The more recent discoveries in nanophotonics, 2D materials, and integration on a microscale have improved signal stability and device portability, which help to narrow the divide between the real\u2010world implementation of point\u2010of\u2010care (PoC) diagnostics. Automated data interpretation and constant healthcare monitoring are further supported by the inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). 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