{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:55:29Z","timestamp":1791107729627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,27]],"date-time":"2001-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal studies demonstrated that early exposure to phenobarbital decreases reproductive function. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to these anticonvulsants affects human genital tract development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genital anomalies at birth were studied retrospectively in 90 phenobarbital\u2010exposed, 108 phenobarbital plus phenytoin\u2010exposed, and 198 matched control infants. Of this group, 72 drug\u2010exposed males, 75 drug\u2010exposed females, and 147 matched control subjects participated in a follow\u2010up and were interviewed at age 19\u201335. Differences between groups were tested by chi\u2010square and <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 15% of the phenobarbital\u2010exposed boys versus 2.8% control boys had undescended testes at birth. More anticonvulsant\u2010exposed (24%) than control males (11%) had received medical treatment for genital anomalies. Anticonvulsant\u2010exposed females more often had irregularities in menstrual cycles (31% vs 17%) and bleeding (15% vs 3%) and reported more problems during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal exposure to anticonvulsants seems to induce minor genital anomalies and may affect reproductive function. Teratology 64:181\u2013188, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T21:26:02Z","timestamp":1030310762000},"page":"181-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association of prenatal phenobarbital and phenytoin exposure with genital anomalies and menstrual disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Arianne B.","family":"Dessens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy T.","family":"Cohen\u2010Kettenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon J.","family":"Mellenbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janna G.","family":"Koppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanne E. 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