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Their main value has been to clarify the relative importance of the parts that genotype and environment in general play in causation. For example, it now seems that liability to neural tube defects is influenced much more by environment and less by genotype than is the case for cleft lip; that whether genetic or environmental, the influences that produce most cases of these and other common defects are multiple; and that if even one of these influences could be identified and controlled, incidence might fall substantially. The future for epidemiological research in this field seems to lie mainly in developing hypotheses about these influences from the knowledge already gained in descriptive studies, and in testing these hypotheses by correlative, analytic, and experimental methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420050305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,10]],"date-time":"2005-06-10T18:30:01Z","timestamp":1118428201000},"page":"303-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["The etiology of human malformations: Insights from epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Leck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)92062-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","series-title":"Second Report of the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey Under the Auspices of the National Birthday Trust Fund","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Perinatal Problems","author":"Butler N. 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