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Theophylline (2.1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> mole per milliliter isotonic saline solution) potentiated the effective dose of norepinephrine more than 100 times. The greatest potentiation observed with epinephrine (2.5 \u00d7) was induced by 2.6 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> mole caffeine. This study also demonstrated that both methylxanthines specifically induce aneurysms of the ascending aorta and complete absence (or nearly complete constriction) of the right ductus arteriosus. The incidences of these types of cardiovascular malformations proved to be dose dependent with theophylline a more potent teratogen than caffeine. The mobilization of calcium and\/or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition by the methylxanthines are suggested as significant actions in the potentiation of catecholamine\u2010induced aortic arch anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420160108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T13:09:26Z","timestamp":1118495366000},"page":"47-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The effects of methylxanthines on catecholamine\u2010stimulated and normal chick embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Enid F.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Harold J.","family":"Bruyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizen","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias O.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Hodach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Adenosine 3\u20325\u2032\u2010 phosphate in biological materials. 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