{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:39:45Z","timestamp":1761154785616},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,31]],"date-time":"2005-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10104,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Teratology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven different limb malformation types were defined in 544 affected newborns, apparently free from other anomalies, obtained from a series of 297,299 livebirths. These seven malformation types were: polydactyly, limb reduction, brachydactyly, symphalangy, syndactyly and split hand\/foot. One anomaly type was present in 472 newborns (1.58\/1,000) and two or three in 72 (0.24\/1,000).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The observed combinations of two or three limb malformation types cannot be explained as chance association. Therefore, a common etiopathogenic mechanism has to be considered when two or more limb malformation types are combined in a given individual.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The most frequent observed combinations were: reduction\u2010brachydactyly, reduction\u2010syndactyly, brachydactyly\u2010syndactyly, polydactyly\u2010syndactyly, and reduction\u2010brachydactyly\u2010syndactyly.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Based on affected limb distribution, sex ratio, and familial recurrence rates, it is suggested that a reduction anomaly is the primary component in all tested combinations while syndactyly tends to be a secondary one when combined with any other limb anomaly type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420160215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,12]],"date-time":"2005-06-12T00:11:41Z","timestamp":1118535101000},"page":"203-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Patterns of combined limb malformations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eduardo Enrique","family":"Castilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa Martinez","family":"Frias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquin Eugenio","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Treasury of Human Inheritance","author":"Bell J.","year":"1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Polydactyly: A genetic study in South America","volume":"25","author":"Castilla E.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"494","article-title":"Estudio Laninoamericano sobre malformaciones congenitas","volume":"76","author":"Castilla E.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bol.O.S.P.\/W.H.O."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"368","article-title":"Type\u2010II Syndactyly","volume":"20","author":"Cross H. E.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Amer. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","series-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser.","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bone defects of the limbs. An overview","author":"Lenz W. D.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420150206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.11.3.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","series-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Art Ser.","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Synopsis of hand malformations, with particular emphasis on genetic factors","author":"Temtamy S.","year":"1969"}],"container-title":["Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ftera.1420160215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/tera.1420160215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T13:35:11Z","timestamp":1699796111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tera.1420160215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/tera.1420160215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tera.1420160215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-3709","1096-9926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-3709","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,10]]}}}